CHE 202 Chemical Process Calculations
1
Chapter 2 Introductory Concepts
Dr BR NATARAJAN
Professor
Sandeep Kumar Patel Department of
Department of chemical Chemical Engineering
Engineering
Banasthali Vidyapith
Banasthali Vidyapith
304022 Rajasthan
CHE 202
Chemical Density and Specific Gravity
Process 2
Calculations
ρ = Density = ( Ratio of mass per unit volume.
Used as a factor for inter conversion of mass and
volume.
units (m/L3), (g/mL), (kg/m3), (lbm/ft3)
1. Densities of gases depend on pressure and
temperature.
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel 2. Densities of solids and liquids do not change
Department
Professor
of chemical significantly with pressure at ordinary conditions but
Department
Engineering
of Chemical
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith change with temperature.
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CHE 202
Specific Gravity
Chemical
Process 3
Calculations Specific Gravity (sp gr) is defined as the Ratio of two densities –
that of the substance of interest to that of a reference substance.
= (ρA / ρB )
Units = (g/mL)A / (g/mL)ref , (kg/m3)A / kg/m3)ref ,
(lbm/ft3)A / (lbm/ft3)ref
The specific gravity of gases frequently is referred to air, but
may be referred to other gases. The reference substance for
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel
liquids and solids is normally water at 4oC.
Department
Professor
of chemical ΡWater at 4oC. = 1g/mL , 1000kg/m3, 62.43 lbm/ft3
Department
Engineering
of Chemical
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith Specific volume is defined as the inverse of density with units
Banasthali Vidyapith
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cm3 /g or ft3 / lb
CHE 202
Chemical Specific Gravity
Process 4
Calculations
When referring to specific gravity, the temperature at which
each density is measured must be mentioned. Thus, sp gr = 0.73
(20oC / 4oC) This can be interpreted as the specific gravity
when the substance of interest is at 20 deg C and the reference
substance (water) is at 4 deg C.
If temperatures are not stated, assume ambient temperature for
substance of interest and 4 deg C for water, respectively.
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel
Department
Professor
of chemical
Department
Engineering
of Chemical
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith
Banasthali Vidyapith
304022 Rajasthan
CHE 202
Chemical
Process 5
Calculations
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel
Department
Professor
of chemical
Department
Engineering
of Chemical
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith
Banasthali Vidyapith
304022 Rajasthan
CHE 202
Chemical Mass Flow Rate = mass/ time
Process = volume flow rate x density 6
Calculations
Volume Flow Rate = volume / time
= mass flow rate / density
Molar Flow Rate = moles/time
Since density is ratio of mass to volume, it can be used to
calculate the mass given the volume or the volume knowing the
mass.
Say if density of n-propyl alcohol is 0.804 g/ cm3 , What would
be the volume of 90.0 g of the alcohol. The calculation is
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel
Department
Professor
of chemical 90.0g x 1 cm3 /0.804 g = 112 cm3
Department
Engineering
of Chemical Molar Density = ρ/MW and molar volume is MW / ρ
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith In a packed bed, ρB = Bulk Density
Banasthali Vidyapith = total mass of solids / total empty bed volume
304022 Rajasthan
CHE 202
Chemical Problem: The specific gravity of gasoline is approximately 0.70.
Process 7
Calculations a. Determine the mass (kg) of 50.0 liters of gasoline.
b. If the mass flow rate of gasoline delivered by a gasoline
pump is 1150 kg/min, what is the corresponding volumetric
flow rate in liters / s.
c. Gasoline and kerosene (specific gravity = 0.82) are blended to
obtain a mixture with a specific gravity of 0.78. Calculate the
volumetric ratio (volume of gasoline/volume of kerosene) of the
two compounds in the mixture, assuming the law of additive
volume is applicable.
Solution (a)
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel
Department
Professor
of chemical MG = ρG VG = (Sg)G ρrefVG
Department
Engineering
of Chemical = (0.70) (1000 kg/m3) (50L) (1m3 / 1000L) = 35.0 Kg
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith
Banasthali Vidyapith
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CHE 202
Solution (b)
Chemical Volumetric Flow Rate = Mass Flow Rate / Density
Process 8
Since sg of Gasoline is given, to find density of gasoline,
Calculations sg has to be multiplied by density of reference.
VG = MG / ρG = MG / (Sg)G (ρref)
= (1150kg/min) (m3 / 0.70 x 1000kg) = 1.643 m3 / min
= 1.643 m3 / min (1min / 60s) (1000L/m3) = 27.38 L/s
Solution (c) Ρmix = (SG)mix (ρref) = Mmix / Vmix
(SG)mix (ρref) = (MG + MK ) / (VG + VK ) = (VG ρG + VK ρGK ) / (VG + VK )
= (VG SGG ρref + VKSGK ρref ) / (VG + VK )
Eliminating ρref in equation
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel (SG)mix (ρref) = (ρref) (VGSGG + VKSGK) / (VG + VK )
Department
Professor
of chemical (SG)mix = (VGSGG + VKSGK) / (VG + VK )
Department
Engineering
of Chemical Note that Sg of Mix is given as 0.78
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith 0.78 = = (VG x 0.70) + VK x 0.82) / (VG + VK ) By Rearranging
Banasthali Vidyapith (0.78 – 0.70) VG = (0.82 – 0.78) VK
304022 Rajasthan VG / VK = (0.82 – 0.78) / (0.78 – 0.70) = 0.04 / 0.08
CHE 202
Chemical Problem: At 25 Deg C, an aqueous solution
Process containing 35% H2SO4 has a specific gravity 9
Calculations of 1.2563.
a. Calculate the volume of the solution that will contain 195.5
kg of H2SO4 .
b. Re-calculate the volume of the solution if pure component
specific gravities of H2SO4 (SG = 1.8255) and water had been
used for the calculation. Assume additive volume is applicable.
c. Estimate the percent error in volume calculation
Solution for (a):
Solve for msol using the weight fraction of H2SO4:
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel msol = 195.5 kg H2SO4 (1kg sol /0.35kg H2SO4 ) = 558.57kg
Department
Professor
of chemical Solve for Vsol using the specific gravity of mixture:
Department
Engineering
of Chemical Vsol = (558.57kg sol) (m3 / 1.2563 x 1000kg) (1000L/1m3) = 444.6
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith
Banasthali Vidyapith L
304022 Rajasthan
CHE 202
Chemical Solution for (b):
Process If additive volume is applicable then: 10
Calculations Vsol = Vwater + Vacid
Solve for the volume of acid
V acid = 195.5kg H2SO4 (m3 / 1.8255 x 1000 kg) (1000L/1m3)
= 107.09 L
Solve for the volume of water:
V water =
= (195.5kg H2SO4) (0.65kg water /0.35 kg H2SO4) (1m3 /1000kg) (1000L/m3 )
= 363.07 L
Solving for the total volume of solution:
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel Vsol = Vacid + V water
Department
Professor
of chemical
Department
Engineering
of Chemical
= 363.07 L = 107.09 L
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith Vsol = 470.16 L
Banasthali Vidyapith
304022 Rajasthan
CHE 202
Chemical Solution for (c):
Process 11
Calculations
% Error = (Measured value – True Value) / (True Value) X 100
Remember True value is in solution of Part (a)
and
Measured Value is in solution of Part (b).
% Error = (470.16L - 444.6L) / (444.6L) X 100
% Error = 5.5%
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel
Department
Professor
of chemical
Department
Engineering
of Chemical
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith
Banasthali Vidyapith
304022 Rajasthan
CHE 202
Chemical
Process 12
Calculations
Sandeep
Dr BR Kumar
Natarajan
Patel
Department
Professor
of chemical
Department
Engineering
of Chemical
Banasthali
Engineering
Vidyapith
Banasthali Vidyapith
304022 Rajasthan
