ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR(ESP)

Presented by-

Himani Kushwah (1005)

Kuldeep Kr Sahoo (1004)
Shubham Kr Das (1015)
CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Principle
 Various components of ESP
 Working
 Types of ESP
 ESP performance
 Facts and figures
Electrostatic PRECIPITATOR( ESP)

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a device that removes dust particles

from a flowing gas (such as air) using force of an induced electrostatic attraction
(i.e. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract).

Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that allow

flow of gases through device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such
as dust and smoke from air stream.
INTRODUCTION
A device that removes suspended dust particles from a gas or exhaust by applying a
high-voltage electrostatic charge and collecting the particles on charged plates.
Electrostatic precipitation is a method of dust collection that uses electrostatic
forces, and consists of discharge wires (negative plates) and collecting plates.
(positive plates)
A high voltage is applied to the discharge wires to form an electrical field between
the wires and the collecting plates, and also ionizes the air around the discharge
wires to supply ions.
When air that contains an aerosol (dust, mist) flows between the collecting plates
and the discharge wires, the aerosol particles in the air are charged by the ions.
 The Coulomb force caused by the electric field causes the charged particles to
be collected on the collecting plates, and the gas is purified.
PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
 Electrostatic precipitation is a method of dust collection that uses
electrostatic forces, and consists of discharge wires and collecting plates. A
high voltage is applied to the discharge wires to form an electrical field
between the wires and the collecting plates and also lonizes the gas around
the discharge wires to supply ions. When gas that contains an aerosol (dust,
mist) flows between the collecting plates and the discharge wires, the aerosol
particles in the gas are charged by the ions. The Coulomb force caused by the
electic field causes the charged particles to be collected on the collecting
plates, and the gas is purified. This is the principle of electrostatic
precipitation, and Electrostatic precipitator apply this principle on an
industrial scale. The particles collected on the collecting plates are removed
by methods such as (1) dislodging by rapping the collecting plates, (2)
scraping off with a brush, or (3) washing off with water, and removing from a
hopper.
COMPONENT USED IN ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
 Gas Distribution Screen(GD
screen)
 Source/power transformer
 TR set
 Discharge Electrodes
 Collecting Electrodes/plates
 Support and Shaft Insulators
 Rappers
 Hoppers
 Ash level indicator
SOURCE / POWER TRANSFORMER

Step down transformer(V/g level-

11KV to 440V)- fed power to TR set,
PMCC panel(through busbar duct) &
then to all load used in ESPs.
Such loads are Hopper Heater,
Support Insulator Heater, Dust Level
Indicator, Rapper Coil, Hoist,
Opacity Blower, Lighting Induced
Draught Fan and all machine which
is working for ID fan.
 TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER SET(TR SET)
Static transformer-step up the voltage 440V/95KV &
then convert the AC to DC through Bridge Thyristor.
Negative terminal of transformer carried by busbar to
the field into discharge electrode through support
insulator.
Positive terminal of o/p v/g given to collecting
electrode.
Both the electrodes are always in open condition. So
there will be induce electric field between the
electrode.
That electric field energize the ash particles and
attracted by the collecting electrode (positive
terminal).
 Then after sometime rapping system works, which
removes the dust particles from electrode and get
collected to the hopper.
DUST/ASH LEVEL INDICATOR (DLI/ALI)

DLI is a electronic device which is used to detect the ash level in hopper to
protect the hopper from overloading.
 A change of Level of material in the hopper causes a change in dielectric
which in turn causes a change in admittance of this imperfect capacitor. An
accurate measurement of this change affords an indirect measure of the level
of material in the tank.
HOPPER HEATER FEEDER

1. The hopper heater is designed to

preheat the hopper to prevent moisture
condensate from collecting ash in it
during startup conditions.
 2. In addition, they maintain the
hopper and fly ash at temperatures
(50°C to 150°C) above the flue gas
acid dew point during normal
operating conditions.
SUPPORT INSULATOR HEATER(SIH)
 Heaters provided at the shaft and
support insulators are required to
maintain the temperature above dew
point which lies between 80-115 deg C. If
temperature falls below the range as
mentioned there will be a continuous
tracking of electrical field over the
surface of insulator which will result into
damage of insulator and non availability
of field for collecting the fly ash
Discharge Electrodes
Discharge electrodes consist of a series of wires that are
arranged horizontally across the ESP and installed in several rows.
Each discharge electrode is connected to a high voltage supply, which is fed
from an electrical system located on top of the ESP housing.
Electrical transformers increase the primary supplied voltage (usually ≈380V)
to several thousand volts (usually between 20 kV to 70 kV).
 Rapping System

 The mechanism used to shake (bang/hit) the

plates is referred to as the rapping
system whilst the process is known as rapping.
Other rapper systems are available, wet
ESPs use water to rinse the plates, whilst dry
ESPs use no water (the mechanism mentioned
previously is the dry type ESP).
 Rappers/hammers are connected to
an electric motor via a reduction gear
box with a common shaft. When the system is
started, the hammers rotate and collide with
the collection plates. As the hammer's impact
with the collection plates, the accumulated
particulates on the collection plate surfaces
are liberated by the resultant vibrations, and
fall into the collection hoppers at the base of
the ESP.
 Collecting Electrodes

Collector electrodes have a long

thin rectangular shape and are also
referred to as collector
plates. Particulate matter is
attracted to the plates
by electrostatic force. Once
particulate has accumulated on the
plates, there is a mechanism for
shaking the plates, which causes the
particulates to fall due to gravity
into the collection hoppers at the
base of the ESP.
MAIN PROCESS OF ESP

 Processes of electrostatic precipitator are in three main stages:

1. particle charging
2. transport
3. collection
WORKING OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
STAGE-1
Several things happen very rapidly (in a matter of a millisecond) in the small area
around the discharge electrode.
Electric field is emerged due to dc terminal arrangement. The applied (-) voltage
in discharge electrode is increased until it produces a corona discharge, which
can be seen as a luminous blue glow around discharge Electrode.
 Due to the formation of corona discharge, free electrons are emitted with
high velocity from discharge electrode.
This fast moving free electrons strikes gas molecule thus emission of free
electron from gas molecules takes place.
The positive ion molecule move towards discharge electrode by electrostatic
attraction
 As a result with gas molecule more free electrons are emitted near the
discharge electrode.
Stage – 2
As electrons leave strong electrical field
area around discharge electrode, they start
slowing down. This free electron again
strikes gas molecule but this time they are
captured by gas molecule and become
negatively charged ion.
As gas molecule are negatively ionized they
move towards (+) electrode (i.e. Collector
electrode).
This negative gas ion fills space of Dust
particle and becoming negatively charged
particle.
 This particle are captured by collector
electrode using electrostatic attraction.