Fundament of Internet Programing

Chapter one
Overview of internet
By Berhanu H.(M.Sc.)
Jan, 2020

Assosa ,Ethiopia
Objective

 Overview of the Internet

 World Wide Web
 Client-server architecture
 How the Web works?
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Other Web protocols (FTP, SMTP, ...)
 Website evaluation (readability, layout, coloring,
trust…)
Activity1.1
1.What is internet?

2.When the internet was invented?

3.List some of the service we get when we

connect to internet ?

4.Original, for what purpose internet was

invented?
 What is Internet?

The Internet consists of large group of millions of computers around the world that are
connected to one another
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and
optical networking technologies such as phone lines, fibre optic lines, coaxial cable,
satellites, and wireless connections.
When connected to the Internet people can access services such as online shopping,
listen to radio and TV broadcast, chat, and send mail, access information, read
newspaper and so on.
The Internet originated as a proposal from the Advanced Research Project Agency
(ARPA)
In 1969, four computers (located at UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of
California Santa Barbara and the University of Utah) were successfully connected
the ARPANET spanned the continental United States (US) by 1971 and had connections
to Europe by 1973
the Interconnected Network, or Internet, was originally limited to the military,
government, research, and educational purposes it was eventually opened to the
public
 Cont’d

Internet expansion

 First version 1969, ARPANET, designed by ARPA 4 computer

1983 there were 562 computers on the ARPANET

1986 there were 5000 computers

1987 – 28 000 computer

1989 – 100 000 computer

1990 – 300 000 computer

2009 – 1.67 billion (a rough estimate on June 30)

 Internet service provider (ISP)

 Internet Service Provider (ISP)

 ISP is a business or organization that provides access to Internet and related services to

consumers.

 Mostly, an ISP is a telephone company.

 Common offer is Dialup and DSL Connection

 Wireless Service Provider (WSP)

 A company that provides wireless Internet access to the users with wireless

modems.

 Notebooks/laptops and Cellular phones are example of wireless devices

accessing the internet.

 Requirements of Internet Connections

Internet requires specific hardware and services:

 Connection device (Modem, switch, router, hub)

 Internet service provider (ISP).

 The computing device

 personal computer,

 a portable computer,

 a tablet ,

 computer, or even a mobile device, such as a cell phone, a smart phone, or a handheld
device.

 Application software

 search engines and

 web browsers.
 Key terms on internet

Terms
• Web server –
A Web server is a piece of computer software that can respond
to a browser's request for a page, and deliver the page to the
Web browser through the Internet
• Hypertext –
Machine-readable text that is not sequential but is organized so
that related items of information are connected
• Text that, when clicked, sends you to another piece of text or location
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• An address on the Internet, such as http://www.asu.edu.et, which enables
computers and other devices to visit it.
 How does internet works

How does it work?

Requesting the page http://www.yahoo.com/index.html
The browser broke the URL into 3 parts:
 The protocol ("http")
 The server name ("www.yahoo.com")
 The file name ("index.html")
Browser  DNS ……Name to IP translation
Browser Server …..Creation of connection
Browser sends a GET request to the server, asking for the file "http://
www.yahoo.com/index.html".
 The server then sends the HTML text for the Web page to the browser
 Browser displays the page based on the HTML tags
 How internet works cont’d…
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
 The exact address of a resource on the web
 Format:
 <protocol>://<host>[:<port>][<path>][?<query>]

 E.g. http://www.somedomain.com/search.php?q=dns&lang=en
 Protocol – identifies the type of protocol to be used for communication
 http, ftp, mailto, …
 Host – identifies the machine on which the requested resource is stored
 Domain names (e.g. www.google.com)
 IP address
 Port – identifies the port number of the web server software on the web server machine
 Default port for http: 80
 Path – identifies the name and path of the resource on the server
 Query – specifies parameters, if any, that should be sent to the server along with the
request
 has the form: ?var_name1=value1&var_name2=value2&…
Cont’d
 Top Level Domain

Top Level Domain (TLD) names

 com - Originally for commercial organizations, but now used
by individuals, government agencies, and nonprofits as well
 www.google.com
 Net - Internet service providers and other network-related
companies
 www.ethio.net
 org - Noncommercial (often nonprofit) organizations
 www.sourceforge.org
 gov - government agencies
 www.ena.gov.et
 mil - military
 edu - Educational domains
 www.bdu.edu.et
 int - International organizations like NATO and the
International Red Cross
 Cont’d

More three-or-more-letter TLDs are coming into use, such as these:

aero - Airlines

arpa - Internet infrastructure

biz - Businesses

coop - Cooperatives

info - Anyone

museum - Museum

name – Individuals
 Internet address

Internet Address
 Each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique
address, known as IP address.
 Internet addresses are in the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx where xxx must
be a number from 0 – 255
 Internet address may also refer to the name or IP of a Web
site (URL)
 The domain name system (DNS) associate these IP address with
text-based URLs and domain names you type into a Web browser
address box.
 Intranet and Extranet

Intranet
•Used to describe a network of personal computers (PC)
•The Intranet resides behind a firewall; if it allows access from the Internet, it
becomes an Extranet.
•The firewall helps to control access between the intranet and Internet so that
only authorised users will have access to the Intranet
•Usually these people are members of the same company or organisation
•Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to share information

Extranet
•Extranets are becoming a very popular means for business partners to exchange
information
•An Extranet is a term used to refer to an intranet that is partially accessible to
authorised outsiders
•Privacy and security are important issues in extranet use.
 Internet

Internet
•In order to have access to the vast resources on the Internet, you need to connect
your computer to a computer system that is already on the Internet
•Usually one run by an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
•There are different ways of connecting a client (user) computer to the vast
resources on the Internet;
•The most common are by a dial-up connection using a telephone line or an
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), and so one
•The Dial-up access gives a low speed connection to the internet. High-speed
Internet connections, which include DSL, are called broadband connections.
 Internet services

• World Wide Web

– The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents (web

pages) accessed via the Internet

– It is made up of documents called pages that combine text, pictures, forms,

sound, animation and hypertext links into rich communication medium

– The web is therefore a subset of the Internet, not the same thing.

– The WWW project was initiated by CERN (European Laboratory for

Particle Physics) to create a system to handle distributed resources
necessary for scientific research as grown today to become many things to
millions of users

– Most Web pages are prepared using the Markup languages such as
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 Internet services

 The inventor of WWW

 Many other Internet-based applications exist

 e.g., email, telnet, ftp, Instant Messenger, Napster,
 Architecture

– The WWW is a distributed client-server service, in which a client using

a browser can access a service using a server. The service provided is
distributed over many locations called sites.
World Wide Web
 Internet services

• Electronic Mail

– Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail

– It is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients

– E-mail operates across the Internet or other computer networks

An email message consists of three components namely:

- the message header

- the message envelop, and

- the message body

–
 Internet services

 Electronic Email Cont’d

► The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an

originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses.

► The message body carries the data to be sent.

► To use email, you should have an email address, which is created by an Internet
Service Provider or on a Website such as yahoo, Google, and Hotmail. Most e-mail
addresses are set up in this manner: your username, followed by “@” (at) symbol, and
then a domain name (for instance, .com, .edu.,.net, or .org).

► When you send e-mail to others, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used.

► When you receive e-mail, Post Office Protocol (POP, currently POP3) and Internet
Message Access Protocol (IMAP) can be used
 Internet services

How email work?

E-mail system comprises of the following three components:

Mailer: It is also called mail program, mail application or mail client. It allows us to manage,

read and compose e-mail.

Mail Server: The function of mail server is to receive, store and deliver the email. It is must

for mail servers to be Running all the time because if it crashes or is down, email can be lost.

Mailboxes: Mailbox is generally a folder that contains emails and information about them.
 Con’t
 Email working follows the client server approach.

 In this client is the mailer i.e. the mail application or mail program
and server is a device that manages emails.
 Con’t

 Suppose person A wants to send an email message to person B.

Person A composes the messages using a mailer program i.e.

mail client and then select Send option.

The message is routed to Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to

person B’s mail server.

The mail server stores the email message on disk in an area

designated for person B.

The disk space area on mail server is called mail spool.

 communication protocols

 HTTP (HTTP 1.0/HTTP 1.1/Secure HTTP)

► Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a set of rules for exchanging files such as text, graphics
images, sound, video and other multimedia files on the Web

► Web browsers and Web Servers usually use this protocol

► HTTP allows “computer A” (the client) to establish a connection with “computer B” (the server) and make a
request

► An HTTP request identifies the resources that the client is interested in and tells the server the server what
“action” to take on the resources

► When the user of a Web browser requests a file by typing a Web site address or clicking a hyperlink, the
browser builds an HTTP request and sends it to the server
 communication protocols

 HTTP (HTTP 1.0/HTTP 1.1/Secure HTTP) cont’d

► It is the foundation of any data exchange on the Web and it is a client-server protocol

► A complete document is reconstructed from the different sub-documents fetched, for

instance text, layout description, images, videos, scripts, and more
 communication protocols

HTTP/1.0 allowed only connectionless message passing

Each request/response required a new connection

To download a page with images required multiple connections

can overload the server, require lots of overhead

HTTP/1.1 provides persistent connection by default

once client & server connect, remains open until told to close it (or
timeout) reduces number of connections, saves overhead

client can send multiple requests without waiting for responses

e.g., can request all images in a page at once

 HTTP Response header fields

the first line of the server’s response contains a status code

 200 OK request was processed successfully
301 Moved permanently document has been moved
400 Bad request syntax error in client’s request
403 Forbidden client is not allowed access (e.g.,
protected)
404 Not found file could not be found
500 Internal server error server failed
503 Service unavailable server is overloaded
 Client-Server Architecture

• A network architecture in which each computer or process on the

network is either a client or a server

• Components of client/server architecture:

– Communication network

– Clients

– Servers
 Cont’d

 Client/server can also describe a relationship between two computer

programs- the client and the server

 A client may be a program running on the local machine requesting service

from a server

 A client program is started by the user or another application program and

terminates when the service is complete.

 A server – can sometimes be a program running on the remote machine

providing service to the clients.

 When it starts, it opens the door for incoming request from clients, but it
never initiates a service until it is requested to do so.
 Cont’d

 The client requests some type of service (such as file or database access) from
the server. The server fulfils the request and transmits the results to the client
over a network
 the client (front–end) does data presentation and or processing, while the
server (back-end) does storage, security and major data processing
 Web Applications(webapps)

 Webapps are applications that are accessed with a web browser over a network such as the Internet or an intranet.

 They are popular because possibility of updating and maintaining the application without necessarily
distributing and installing it on every available client

 Webapps are used to implement webmail, online retail sales, discussion boards, and weblogs and so on

 The Web is based on the client/server architecture.

 Web application is commonly structured as a 3-tier application

 First tier (web browser), Second tier – middle ware engine (Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Hypertext
Preprocessor (PHP), Java Servlets or Java Server Pages (JSP) or Active Server Pages (ASP)) and third tier or back-
end (Database like MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle,etc..)
 Web Applications(webapps)

Database
Data persists beyond
request and response
server layer
expanded functionality
database connectivity
user authentication
perhaps multi-threading
client layer (web browser)
forms interface to
interact with data Figure 1.2 architecture of web applications
 Web Applications(webapps)

• Common examples of web server software are

– Apache HTTP server

– MS Internet Information Server (IIS)

– Sun ONE web server

– Wamp(apache+ php+ mysql)

– Xamp server
 Web Applications

• Dynamic interactive web sites

• Typically with client / server
communication patterns
• Famous for E-Commerce
applications
• Web apps are generally:
– Easy to use (end-user focussed)
– Familiar: frequent use of
standard controls
– You don’t need a manual to use
them!
– Platform and machine
independent
– No installation on client
machine
– Easy to update (hit refresh!)
– Hard to program???
 Summary of Web client and we server

Web Client
• Connected to the Internet when needed
•Usually runs Web browser(client) software such as
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Baidu, opera or chrome
•Uses HTTP
•Request Web pages from a server
•Receives Web Pages and files from as server
Web Server
• Continually connected to the Internet
•Runs Web server software (such as Apache or Internet
Information Services (IIS)
•Uses HTTP
• Receives a request for the Web page
• Responds to the request and transmits the status code, Web page, and
associated files
 Web pages

Static Web Pages

most Web pages are static
 contents (text/links/images) are the same each time it is accessed
e.g., online documents, most homepages
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is used to specify text/image
format
Dynamic Web Pages
 as the Web moves towards online services and e-commerce, Web pages
must also provide dynamic content
 pages must be fluid, changeable (e.g., rotating banners)
 must be able to react to the user's actions, request and process info
e.g., amazon.com, www.yahoo.com
 Client-side and server-side scripting

Client-side

The client is the system on which the Web browser is running.

JavaScript is the main client-side scripting language for the Web.
Client-side scripts are interpreted by the browser.

The process with client-side scripting is:

The user requests a Web page from the server

The server finds the page and sends it to the user

The page is displayed on the browser with any scripts running

during or after display
 Client-side scripting cont’d

• So client-side scripting is used to make Web pages change after they

arrive at the browser. It is useful for making pages a bit more interesting
and user-friendly.

• Client-side scripts rely on the user's computer. If that computer is slow

they may run slowly. They may not run at all if the browser does not
understand the scripting language.

• The technologies for client side scripting are:

►HTML
►CSS
►JavaScript
►Applet
 Server-side scripting

Server-side

The server is where the Web page and other content lives. The server
sends pages to the user/client on request. The process is:

the user requests a Web page from the server

the script in the page is interpreted by the server creating or

changing the page content to suit the user and the occasion and/or
passing data around

the page in its final form is sent to the user and then cannot be
changed using server-side scripting

The technologies for server-side scripting are:- -PHP ASP.net,

python, perl
 Types of servers

 Servers are usually high-performance computers connected to the Internet by high-speed

communication lines.

I. Web server: This is used to store and deliver the elements of web pages.
II. Application server: This is used to run specialised Internet application, such as e-
commerce or e-health’s engine. It is designed to process requests and deliver dynamic
results.
III.Streaming server: This is used to deliver audio or video to the visitors to a site real-time.
IV.Mail server: This is used to send and receive e-mail.
V. Name server: This is a specialised server that stores huge directories of web servers. It
keeps track of all the registered domain names on the Internet.
VI.Secure server: This is a Web server that encrypts data before transmitting it, to prevent
unauthorised access. They are commonly used to secure for financial transactions in the
Internet.
VII.Reade ore about the rest types of server
Activity
1.How do you evaluate the website?
 Website evaluation

1. Visual design:-

•It should be well designed to get the audience’s attention

•Visual design characteristics include five aspects

- page layout
- navigation

- consistency
- embedding pictures or flashes
- using appropriate colours
 cont.…

Page layout

the web page should be divided into as many sections as the designer’s needs.

a good web page has four sections as a minimum. Each section includes specific
information such as the header (topic), navigation, text or footer.

The designer should care about the size of pages (a typical user’s screen is 465
pixels wide and 340 pixels high for a 15” monitor) to avoid scrolling the page.
 cont.…

Navigation;

web pages should have navigation to move from one page to another in
the site

•It should be easy and understandable for the user

•Putting navigation in the same place with every page makes moving very
easy

Consistency:

• web pages should maintain consistency with all website pages in layout,
navigation and content.

•A consistent look and feel throughout the site will give a bolder and
stronger impression to the users
 cont.…

Embedding pictures or flashes:-

•Websites should have some pictures or flashes.

•From here, the designer should put pictures that are appropriate or have a relation
with the website

•For example, on car websites, we might see pictures of a car as a logo for the
website

Appropriate colours:

The website should use nice colours to design the backgrounds of the website that
are appropriate for its audience.
 cont.…

2. Readability :-

Readability characteristics depend on three aspects

- font size

- font family.

- font color
 cont.…

3. Content :-

The website should have content, and that is the aim of building it. Also, the
content should make sense to users, so the content should have related to purpose
of creating website

Content characteristics depend on six aspects.

original content

credible content

grammar and structure of a websites text

breaking the text content into paragraphs

clean content

search engine
 cont.…

 The above three characteristics with their aspects contribute to make a good
website. Also, they
give the website traits for catching users’ attention. These traits are:

personalize

Responsive

Interactive

Contrast
 cont.…

 Personalize

- Creating personalization to the website will create and grow its audience

- The website should be specific in talking to its audience, such as men, women, designers, students

- Also, it should give them a personal service

- The characteristics that contribute to activate this trait are to design the website via page layout and
background colors, and content via credible content.
 cont.…

 Responsiveness

- The website should be responsive about its information

- The responsive traits earn visitors to trust

- The users feel comfortable in dealing with the website and they will use it again and again

- for example, buying tickets from a certain flight website, even though the sale price might be higher because they have
earned the users’ trust.

- The characteristics that contribute to activate this trait are design website and content
 cont.…

 Interactivity
- a good interaction invites the visitor or users to return to the site

- The question, what makes the users come back to a website? Generally, they will come back for a few reasons; teach
them, make them laugh, show them something new, and they will come back more

- The characteristics that contribute to activate this trait are readability and content

-
 cont.…

 Contrast

- The website should have a great contrast for background color

against text color

- Sometimes, contrast is out of balance, so contrast between pictures and text is a balance between pictures and text in layout

- The characteristics that contribute to activate this trait are design website via appropriate color and readability
Reading assignment

Communication protocol(,FTP,POP,TCP,IP,UDP,
RSTP,e.t.c )

Web security
 Thank You

Any Question???

see you next class!