114503 - WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY (1-1)

HAND TOOLS

Asad Mehmood
Lecturer
Dept A&A
 HAND TOOLS
• Purpose is to remove small amounts of materials, usually
from the small areas of the workpiece
• Should be used
• when no machine is available
• Or the workpiece is too large to go on a machine
• Or the shape is too complex
• Or it is too expensive to set up a machine to do the work
• Keep the amount to be removed to a minimum since
using hand tools is physically tiring
• Whenever possible, power hand tools should be used
not only to reduce fatigue but also to increase the speed
of the operation and so reduce the cost

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 HAND TOOLS (Contd.)
• Some examples are
• Clamping Devices
• Pliers
• Wrenches
• Screwdrivers
• Striking Tools
• Cold Chisels
• Hacksaws
• Files
• Reaming Tools

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 CLAMPING DEVICES
• Purpose is to hold the workpiece in the correct position
• It ensures that the workpiece is not displaced under
cutting forces
• Clamp should firmly hold the workpiece without
distorting it

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 CLAMPING DEVICES (Contd.)
• Bench Vises
• Mounted on the bench edge
• Solid base (fixed) or swivel base (can be rotated)
• Clamping action is produced by a heavy screw that is turned by
the handle
• The handle is long enough to apply adequate pressure by hand
• The handle should not be hammered tight, nor additional
pressure should be applied using any leverage

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 CLAMPING DEVICES (Contd.)
• Bench Vises
• Size is determined by width of the jaws
• Vise jaws are hardened and serrated
• Jaws should be covered with copper, lead or aluminum caps to
protect workpiece from being damaged

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 CLAMPING DEVICES (Contd.)
• Bench Vises
• When clamping work, do not project work or vise handle past
the edge of the bench

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 CLAMPING DEVICES (Contd.)
• Clamps
• Purpose is to hold parts together while they are worked on
• Size is determined by jaw opening

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 PLIERS
• Usual purpose is to grip something round or sometimes
twisting/cutting wires

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 PLIERS (Contd.)

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 PLIERS (Contd.)
• Combination or Slip-joint pliers
• Used to adjust nut or bolts
• Split joint permits the plier to be adjusted to a wider opening
• End Cutting Pliers
• Used for cutting wires, nails, rivets close to the workpiece
• Flat/Needle Nose Pliers
• Used to grip, turn and bend wires

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 PLIERS (Contd.)
• Side Cutting Pliers
• Used for cutting and skinning wires, cutting and removing pins,
nails and fasteners

• Adjustable Clamping Pliers

• Jaw opening is adjusted using a threading mechanism on the
end of one handle
• After adjustment, a squeeze of the hand locks the jaws onto the
workpiece

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 WRENCHES
• Gripping, fastening, turning, tightening and loosening
things like nuts, bolts etc.
• Always pull on a wrench
• Pushing on a wrench is a dangerous practice
• If the fastener loosens unexpectedly, or fail, you will
almost always strike and injure your knuckles

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 WRENCHES (Contd.)
• Pipe Wrench : Jaws for grasping round objects

• Open-end Wrench : Usually double ended with two

different size openings

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 WRENCHES (Contd.)
• Box Wrench: Opening of a box completely surrounds the
bolt head or nut

• Combination Wrench

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 WRENCHES (Contd.)
• Socket Wrench : Detachable sockets of various sizes and
openings

• Allen Wrench : Used to drive socket-headed fasteners

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 SCREWDRIVERS
• Purpose is to tighten or remove screws

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 SCREWDRIVERS (Contd.)
• Always use correct size screwdriver tip for the job being done
• The tip should be ground correctly

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 STRIKING TOOLS
• Purpose is to strike punches, rivets, pins and other objects
• Commonly used in layout works

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 STRIKING TOOLS (Contd.)
• Claw Hammers : Driving nails or pulling them out. Commonly
used in woodworking

• Ball-peen Hammers : Striking punches and chisels in

metalworking

• Mallets: Imparting force on another object

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 COLD CHISELS
• Purpose is to cut through hard materials like metal
• Made of high carbon steel, hardened and tempered at the
cutting end

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 COLD CHISELS (Contd.)
• Flat Chisels : Used to cut thin sheet metals or break off things
such as rivet heads, nuts and metal rods
• Cross-cut Chisels : Designed to cut inside tight areas
• Round-nose Chisels : Used to create grooves with rounded
bottoms
• Diamond-point Chisels : Used to create V-shaped grooves

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 COLD CHISELS (Contd.)
• Always hold the chisel at suitable angle from the face of metal
• Drive with a hammer using a series of even blows
• Do not hold chisel at too steep an angle
• Never allow a large mushroom head to form on head of a
chisel as a blow from hammer can dislodge a chip which
could fly off and cause injury

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 HACKSAWS
• Used to cut metal
• Where large amounts of waste metal have to be removed,
this is more easily done by hacksawing away the surplus
rather than by filing.
• If the work piece is left slightly too large, a file can then be
used to obtain the final size and surface
• The hacksaw blade fits into a hacksaw frame on two holding
pins, one of which is adjustable in order to tension the blade
• The blade is fitted to frame with teeth pointing away from the
handle and is correctly tensioned by turning the nut to take
up the slack and then applying a further three turns only
• A loose blade will twist or buckle and not cut straight while an
overtightened blade could pull out the ends of the blade
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 HACKSAWS (Contd.)
• Hacksaw cuts on the forward stroke, which is when the
pressure should be applied
• Pressure should be released on the return stroke

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 HACKSAWS (Contd.)

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 HACKSAWS (Contd.)
• Three types of hacksaw blades
• All-hard
• Made from hardened high-speed steel
• Long blade life but are very brittle and easily broken if twisted
• Flexible
• Made from high-speed steel but only the teeth are hardened
• Flexible blade so virtually unbreakable and therefore can be used by
less experienced users
• Reduced blade life
• Bimetal
• Narrow cutting-edge strip of hardened high-speed steel joined to a
tough alloy-steel back by electron beam welding
• Shatterproof blade with long life and fast cutting properties because
of hardness qualities of all-hard blade and unbreakable qualities of
the flexible blade
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 HACKSAWS (Contd.)
• Two important factors in choice of blades are
• Pitch : Distance between each tooth
• Material from which blade is made
• When cutting soft metals, more material is cut on each stroke
and this material must have somewhere to go
• The only place it can go is in between the teeth if the teeth
are further apart there is more space for the metal being cut
• While in case of hard metals, less material is cut on each
stroke so the more teeth can be placed in the blade and the
time and effort will be less

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