Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.2 Avogadro’s number and the molar mass of an element
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale
H = 1.008 amu
1
16
O = 16.00 amu 2
The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.
3
Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Average atomic mass of lithium:
7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016
= 6.941 amu
100
4
Average atomic mass (6.941)
5
The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles
Dozen = 12
Pair = 2
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA) 6
eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
Mole = mass of compound (g) / molar mass of compound (g/mol)
7
One Mole of:
C S
Hg
Cu Fe
8
1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
x =
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 23 12
C atoms 1 amu
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu
M = molar mass in g/mol
NA = Avogadro’s number
9
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K
10
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
For any molecule
molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2 11
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H
1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms
5.82 x 1024 atoms H
12
3.3: Molar mass
EXERCISE!
13
Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.
1Na 22.99 amu
NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu
For any ionic compound
formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu
1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl 14
What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?
1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2
3 Ca 3 x 40.08
2P 2 x 30.97
8O + 8 x 16.00
310.18 amu
15
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
16
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following
percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O
17
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532
0.6330 ~
K: ~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532 ~
O: ~ 4.0
0.6329
KMnO4
18
3.5: Determining the formula of compounds
Example (2): Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains only P
and O if percent composition by mass for P 43.64% ?? (NOTE : the molar mass of
this compound = 283 g / mol
Steps 1: convert the percent mass
100% = P% + O%
100% = 43.64 + O% O = 100 - 43.64 O = 56.36 %
Mass P = 0.4364 g
= 43.64 g of P
100 g of compound P
Mass O = 0.5636 g
= 56.36 g of O
100 g of compound Mn
19
3.5: Determining the formula of compounds
Steps 2: convert the mass moles
43.64 g P
nP = = 1.410 mol P
30.47 g/mol P
56.36 g O
nO = = 3.520 mol O
16.00 g/mol O
20
3.5: Determining the formula of compounds
Steps 3 divided by the smallest number of moles nP = 1.41 mol, nO= 3.520
1.41
P: ~ 1.0
~
1.41
3.52
O : = 2.5
1.41
PO2.5
21
3.5: Determining the formula of compounds
Steps 4 change to integer subscripts.
PO2.5 (PO2.5)2 P2O5
Empirical formula
22
3.5: Determining the formula of compounds
Example (3): The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a compound of C, H, and O
in pure oxygen gave 7.406 g CO2 and 4.512 g of H2O.
Sample === CO2 + H2O
All C ends up as CO2
All H ends up as H2O
1 mole of CO2 ========== 1 mole of C
(7.406 / 44.01) mole of CO2 ========== X mole of C
X= 0.16828 mole of C
1 mole of H2O ========== 2 mole of H
(4.512 / 18.015) mole of H2O ========== Y mole of H
Y= (2 x 0.25045) Y= 0.5009 mole of H
23
3.5: Determining the formula of compounds
mass of O = mass of sample – (mass of C + mass of H)
Mass of sample = 5.217 g
Mass of C = n of moles C x A.M of C
Mass of C = 0.16828 x 12.01
Mass of C = 2.021 g of C
Mass of H = n of moles H x A.M of H
Mass of H = 0.5009 x 1.008
Mass of H = 0.5049 g of H
mass of O = 5.217g – (2.021g + 0.5049g) Mass of O = 2.691 g of O
Moles of O = mass of O / A.M of O moles of O = 2.691 / 16 = 0.16829
24
3.5: Determining the formula of compounds
C 0.16826 mol H 0.50089 mol O 0.16829 mol
divide by 0.16826 ( The smallest number)
Empirical formula CH3O
25
Combust 11.5 g ethanol
Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C
g H2O mol H2O mol H gH 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25
Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C2H6O 26
3.7 chemical reactions and chemical equations
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one
or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction
reactants products
3 ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O2 to form H2O
27
How to “Read” Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
28
Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on
the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
29
Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 30
Balancing Chemical Equations
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2
2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen
on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction
2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
31
Balancing Chemical Equations
5. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
32
Amounts of Reactants and Products
1. Write balanced chemical equation
2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
33
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O
molar mass coefficients molar mass
CH3OH chemical equation H2O
1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O
209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O
235 g H2O
34
3.9:Calculation involving limiting Reactants
35
Limiting Reagent:
Reactant used up first in the reaction.
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO is the limiting reagent (L.R)
O2 is the excess reagent
36
3.9:Calculation involving limiting Reactants
Example: In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe 2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 =====> Al2O3 + 2Fe
a)Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
b)Calculate the mass of excess reagent left.
c)If the actually obtained amount of Al2O3 is 198.3 g. Calculate the
present yield of Al2O3
124 g 4.59
nAl = = 4.59 moles of Al Al : = 2.296
27 g/mol 2
601 g
nFe2O3 = = 3.76 moles of Fe2O3
159.7 g/mol 3.76
Fe2O3 : = 3.76
1
Al has the smallest number Al L.R
37
3.9:Calculation involving limiting Reactants
2 Al + Fe2O3 ======> Al2O3 + 2Fe
2 mole of Al ========== > 1 mole of Al2O3
4.59 mole of Al ========== > X mole of Al2O3
2X = 4.52 X = 2.296 moles of Al2O3
Mass of Al2O3 = n Al2O3 x M.M Al2O3 mass of Al2O3 = 2.296 moles x 102 g/mol
Mass of Al2O3 = 234.1 g Theoretical yield
C)
Actual yeild
% yeild = x 100% =
Theoretical yeild
198.3 g
% yeild = x 100% = 84.7%
234.1 g
38
3.9:Calculation involving limiting Reactants
b) 2 Al + Fe2O3 ======> Al2O3 + 2Fe
2 mole of Al 1 mole of Fe2O3
4.59 mole of Al X mole of Fe2O3
2X = 4.59 X = 2.296 reacted moles of Fe2O3
unreacted moles of Fe2O3 = moles in question of Fe2O3 - reacted moles of Fe2O3
unreacted moles of Fe2O3 = 3.76 – 2.296
unreacted moles of Fe2O3 = 1.47 moles
Mass of unreacted Fe2O3 = n Fe2O3 x M.M Fe2O3 1.47moles x 159.7 g/mol
Mass of unreacted Fe2O3 = 234 g
39
EXERCISE!
In one process, 3.54 g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13 g of Mg
TiCl4 + Mg =====> Ti + MgCl2
If the actually obtained amount of Ti is 0.791 g. Calculate the present yield of
Ti
88.3%
40
Good luck
41
Limiting Reagent:
Reactant used up first in
the reaction.
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO is the limiting reagent
O2 is the excess reagent
42
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed
OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed
1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3
124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3
Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3
Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent 43
Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.
g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3
124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
At this point, all the Al is consumed
and Fe2O3 remains in excess.
44
Reaction Yield
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would
result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
45
