PHYLUM ANNELIDA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
• Segmented worms;
• Marine of terrestrial;
• Each segment separated by septa and contains
fluid cavity (coelom)
• Organs (eg excretory, movement,
respiratoryper) repeated on each segment or
metamere - metamerisme
• 2 unsegmented sections are the head and
pygidium
• Head forms from prostomium and peristomium
• With seta
ANNELIDA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA –
• 3 Classes
– Polychaetes
– Oligocheates
– Hirudinea
CLASS POLYCHAETA
CLASS POLYCHEATA
• Mainly marine; 5-6 freshwater spp;
• Most live as benthos;
• Of 10,000 spp, 50 planktonic;
• 45 mm to about 10 cm
• Some lives in tubes eg. Filogranella elatensis
• Distinct head and eyes;
• Parapodia – use for swimming and digging;
• Jaws – normally associated with poison gland;
• Numerous setae
Some Species of Nereida (POLYCHEATA)
Schmarda (1861)
• Heteronereis fasciata -
Jamaica, H. australis - New
Zealand, Nereis foliosa -
Ceylon, N. latipalpa - South
Africa, Nereilepas
amblyodonta - Australia, N.
pacifica - New Zealand,
Mastigonereis podocirra -
South Africa, M. striata - South
Africa, M. lingulata - (no text),
M. cuprea - Chile, M. longicirra
- Ceylon, M. quadridentata -
South Africa, M. heterodonta -
Cartagena & Jamaica.
Filogranella elatensis (Annelida)
• One colony of worms;
• Tube diameter approx.1 mm
• Eg. From waters of
Philippines
CLASS OLIGOCHEATA
• Distinct Clitellum;
• Parapodia absent;
• Setae not distinct (but can be felt)
• Coelom acts as hydroskeleton
• About 3500 spp
• All hemaphrodite
• Normally found buried in moist areas
OLIGOCHEATA – EARTH WORM
1 – Citellum: organ that produces mucus during reproduction
2 – dark line on dorsal surface – dorsal blood vessel
C/S Oligochaete – Lumbricus sp
HIRUDINEA (ANNELIDA - EXAMPLES
Schmarda (1861)
• Hirudo quinquestriata -
Australia, H. multistriata -
Ceylon, H. flava - Ceylon,
Haemopsis ceylanica -
Ceylon, Pontobdella
oligothela - Adriatic, P.
macrothela - Jamaica, P.
leucothela - Australia, P.
prionodiscus - Antilles
Sea.
POGONOPHORA
• 1900 – First found in the deep ocean of Indonesia
– Resembles a tube-dwelling annelida but:
– No segment
– No mouth, gut or anus
• Now classified as Phylum Pogonophora
• Sometimes placed under Annelida, Sub-Phylum Tropozoa
• 1977 – Giant Pogonophora (1.5 m) around ‘thermal vent’ in Pacific
Ocean.
– Feed on suphur bacteria
POGONOPHORA
PHYLUM MOLUSCA
Mollusca
• contains over 100,000 species
• variety of body forms and lifestyles
• coelom is reduced and limited to the
region around the heart
MOLLUSCA - General Characteristics
• Body not segmented (except Monoplacophora)
• Normally with a head, mouth and sensory
organs;
• Ventral body wall modified into a mascular
foot;
• Main function is movement
• Some modified for other functions
• Dorsal body wall modified to form mantel
• mantel can be modified to become gills, lungs and can
secrete shell.
MOLLUSCA - General Characteristics
(cont.)
• Body surface covered with ciliated epithelium
containing mucus gland and nerve ends;
• Small coelom making up the pericardium,
gonad cavity and kidney;
• Digestive system – complete and with
digestive gland and liver;
• radula – scraping organ;
• Circulatory system: heart, pericardium and
blood vessels.
MOLLUSCA - General Characteristics
(cont.)
• Respiration – gills, lungs, direct;
• Sensory organ: touch, smell, sight,
balance (statosista)
• Excretory sistem – nephridium
• Reproduction: terrestrial -
hermophrodite, aquatic -separate
MOLLUSCA - Evolution
Class Polyplacophora
• Chitons
• Shell consists of eight overlapping
plates;
• Muscular foot used for creeping
along or clinging to rocks;
• feed by scraping algae and other plant food
from rocks with a well-developed radula.
Class Gastropoda (Helix, Aplysia)
• Most with one shell;
• Large foot underneath body;
• Simple nervous system (small brain)
• Open circulatory system – heart present
• Terrestrial species have primitive lungs;
• Undergo torsion;
• gastropod with shell – snails, conchs
• gastropod without shell – slug, nudibranch
Class Bivalvia (eg blood cockle –
Anadara granosa)
• two-part shells that are hinged and closed
by powerful adductor muscles;
• Most marine;
• No distinct head and no radula;
• Filter for food.
Class Cephalopoda (squids, Nautilus)
• Considered most complex;
• No shell except for Nautilus
• All marine;
• No muscular foot;
• With tentacles;
• Sharp radula and jaws;
• Well developed head with eye; and
• Separate sex.
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
ECHINODERMATA – Characteristics
• All marine species;
• Non-segmented body;
• Various forms – rounded, like a
cucumber, or star-shaped;
• No head;
• Water release via madreporite
• Digestive sistem - complete. No anus in
Class Ophiuroidea (brittle star);
• All have mouth, stomach and gut.
ECHINODERMATA – Characteristics
(cont.)
• Feeding:
– Starfish – carnivorous
– Sea urchin – herbivorous
– Brittle star, sea cucumber and sea lilies -
detritivour
• Blood circulation system – reduced;
• Respiration via tube-feet (starfish),
respiration tree (sea cucumber), bursa
(brittle star)
• Sensory system well developed – eg organ
of touch, chemoreceptor, photoreceptor.
ECHINODERMATA – Characteristics
(cont.)
• Excretory organ – absent;
• Separate sex;
• Embryonic stage via special free-
swimming larval stages;
• Estimated: 6000 spp still living, 20,000
extinct.
ECHINODERMATA – 5 Main Features
• Pentameral symmetry;
• Endoskeleton :
– Evolve from mesoderm
– Formed from network of calcium (stereom)
– Covered with ciliated epidermis or calcareous
spicule
• Complex water circulation system with tube
feet containing ampula and suction cups;
– Control water for movement of podium
• Formation of ambulakra
• Nervous system - sub-epitelium
WATER CIRCULATION SYSTEM OF ECHINODERM
Cross-section of arm of
starfish
Pediselaria
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA - Classes
Stelleroidea
Subclass: Asteroidea – star fish
Subclass: Ophiuroidea – brittle star
Echinoidea – sand dollar
Holothuroidea – sea cucumber
Crinoidea – sea lilies, feather star.
Concentricycloidea – sea daisy
Class Stelleroidea
Subclass: Asteroidea – star fish
Acanthaster sp.
Crown of Thorns
Class Stelleroidea
Subclass: Ophiuroidea – brittle star
Class Stelleroidea - Characteristics
• Asteroidea – joint arms,
• Ophiuroidea – arms not join
• Organ on epidermal surface
– Dermal branchia: absorb oxygen
– Pediselaria: resemble claws – used for cleaning
• Feed on barnacles, clams etc etc.
Class Echinoidea
– sea urchins, sand dollar
Class Echinoidea – Characteristics
• Spines attached to skeleton via “ball-joint’
• Spines moved by muscles;
• Mouth on ventral side and anus on dorsal
side
Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumber
Stichopus sp
Class Holothuroidea
• Feed on plankton and other organic
matter;
• Some are poisonous;
• eg Gamat – use as traditional medicine.
Class Crinoidea – sea lily, feather star.
arms
calyx
Stem
Antedon sp
Class Concentricycloidea – sea daisy
• First reported in 1986;
• 1 Genus Xyloplax and 2 spp.;
• Sometimes placed under Sub-Class Asteroidea
• Deep ocean;
> 1000 m - New Zealand
2000 m - Bahamas
• Resembles both sea urchin and sea cucumber;
• Size – slightly more than 1 cm;
• Endoskeleton – calcium;
• Tube feet- one row on side.
