Faculty of Engineering EINFO03 PC INTERFACING
Lecture 1
Engr. Zeaid T. Sharef
2011
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer
Introduction
Overview of Intel microprocessors. Discussion of history of computers. Function of the microprocessor.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Events leading to development of the microprocessor. 80X86, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 microprocessors.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
German inventor Konrad Zuse, invented the first modern electromechanical computer. His Z3 calculating computer probably invented for aircraft and missile design.
during World War II for the German war effort
Z3 a relay logic machine clocked at 5.33 Hz.
far slower than latest multiple GHz microprocessors
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 11 The Z3 computer developed by Konrad Zuse uses a 5.33 hertz clocking frequency. (Photo courtesy of Horst Zuse, the son of Konrad.)
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
In 1936 Zuse constructed a mechanical version of his system. In 1939 constructed first electromechanical computer system, called the Z2.
Zuse today receiving belated honors for pioneering work in the area of digital electronics
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
CPUs VS Microprocessors
The term central processing unit or CPU was developed a long time ago as a term used to identify the portion of the machine that did the actual processing. A microprocessor, is a CPU that is in just one IC (chip). For example, the CPU in a PC is in a chip so it can also be referred to as microprocessor.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The Microprocessor Age
Worlds first microprocessor the Intel 4004. A 4-bit microprocessor-programmable controller on a chip.
a bit is a binary digit with a value of one or zero 4-bit-wide memory location often called a nibble
Executed instructions at 50 KIPs (kiloinstructions per second).
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Main problems with early microprocessor were speed, word width, and memory size. Evolution of 4-bit microprocessor ended when Intel released the 4040, an updated 4004.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
With the microprocessor a commercially viable product, Intel released 8008 in 1971.
extended 8-bit version of 4004 microprocessor
Addressed expanded memory of 16K bytes.
A byte is generally an 8-bit-wide binary number and a K is 1024. memory size often specified in K bytes
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Somewhat small memory size, slow speed, and instruction set limited 8008 usefulness. Intel introduced 8080 microprocessor in 1973.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Table 11 Early 8-bit microprocessors
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
What Was Special about the 8080?
8080 addressed four times more memory.
64K bytes vs 16K bytes for 8008
Executed additional instructions; 10x faster. TTL (transistor-transistor logic) compatible.
the 8008 was not directly compatible
Interfacing made easier and less expensive.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The 8085 Microprocessor
In 1977 Intel Corporation introduced an updated version of the 8080the 8085. Slightly more advanced than 8080; executed software at an even higher speed.
769,230 instructions per second vs 500,000 per second on the 8080).
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The Modern Microprocessor
In 1978 Intel released the 8086; a year or so later, it released the 8088. Both devices are 16-bit microprocessors.
executed instructions in as little as 400 ns (2.5 millions of instructions per second) major improvement over execution speed of 8085
8086 & 8088 addressed 1M byte of memory.
16 times more memory than the 8085
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Higher speed and larger memory size allowed 8086 & 8088 to replace smaller minicomputers in many applications.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The 80286 Microprocessor
Even the 1M-byte memory system proved limiting for databases and other applications.
Intel introduced the 80286 in 1983 an updated 8086
Almost identical to the 8086/8088.
addressed 16M-byte memory system instead of a 1M-byte system
Instruction set almost identical except for a few additional instructions.
managed the extra 15M bytes of memory
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
80286 clock speed increased in 8.0 Mhz version.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The 32-Bit Microprocessor
Applications demanded faster microprocessor speeds, more memory, and wider data paths. Led to the 80386 in 1986 by Intel.
major overhaul of 16-bit 808680286 architecture
Intels first practical microprocessor to contain a 32-bit data bus and 32-bit memory address.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Through 32-bit buses, 80386 addressed up to 4G bytes of memory.
1G memory = 1024M, or 1,073,741,824 locations
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The 80486 Microprocessor
In 1989 Intel released the 80486. Highly integrated package. 80386-like microprocessor. 80387-like numeric coprocessor. 8K-byte cache memory system.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
The Pentium Microprocessor
Introduced 1993, Pentium was similar to 80386 and 80486 microprocessors. Originally labeled the P5 or 80586. Memory system up to 4G bytes. Data bus width increased to a full 64 bits.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
fastest version produced 233 MHz Pentium a three and one-half clocked version Cache size was increased to 16K bytes from the 8K cache found in 80486.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Pentium Pro Processor
A recent entry, formerly named the P6. Pentium Pro can address 4G-byte or a 64Gbyte memory system.
36-bit address bus if configured for a 64G memory system.
clock frequency 150 and 166 MHz Internal 16K level-one (L1) cache.
8K data, 8K for instructions Pentium Pro contains 256K level-two (L2) cache
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Pentium II and Pentium Xeon Microprocessors
Pentium II, released 1997, represents new direction for Intel. Intel has placed Pentium II on a small circuit board, instead of being an integrated circuit.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Pentium III Microprocessor
Faster core than Pentium II; still a P6 or Pentium Pro processor. Pentium III available with clock frequencies up to 1 GHz.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Pentium 4 and Core2 Microprocessors
Pentium 4 first made available in late 2000.
most recent version of Pentium called Core2 uses Intel P6 architecture
Pentium 4 available to 3.2 GHz and faster. Core2 is available at speeds of up to 3 GHz.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
A likely change is a shift from aluminum to copper interconnections inside the microprocessor. Copper is a better conductor.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Pentium 4 and Core2, 64-bit and Multiple Core Microprocessors
Recent modifications to Pentium 4 and Core2 include a 64-bit core and multiple cores. 64-bit modification allows address of over 4G bytes of memory through a 64-bit address.
40 address pins in these newer versions allow up to 1T (terabytes) of memory to be accessed
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Biggest advancement is inclusion of multiple cores.
each core executes a separate task in a program
Increases speed of execution if program is written to take advantage of multiple cores.
called multithreaded applications
Intel manufactures dual and quad core versions; number of cores will likely increase to eight or even sixteen.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Multiple cores are current solution to provide faster microprocessors.
The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486 Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium, 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Eighth Edition Barry B. Brey
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
