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Emerging Technlogy Chapter 4 Part 2

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Obsa Gelchu
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33 views19 pages

Emerging Technlogy Chapter 4 Part 2

Uploaded by

Obsa Gelchu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4 (Part-II)

Internet of
Things (IoT)

By Obsa.G
In this Part II we will see:
 Challenges of IoT
 How does IoT Work?
 Architecture of IoT

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Challenges of IoT
 Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly
connected devices communicating over networks.
 The system offers little control despite any security
measures.
 This leaves users exposed to various kinds of
attackers.
 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides
substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.

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Challenges of IoT…
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in
terms of design, deployment, and maintenance given
their use of multiple technologies and a large set of
new enabling technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the
flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily
with another.
 They worry about finding themselves with several
conflicting or locking
systems.
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Challenges of IoT…
Compliance − IoT, like any other technology
in the realm of business, must comply with
regulations.
 Its complexity makes the issue of compliance
seem incredibly challenging when many
consider standard software compliance a
battle.

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How does IoT work?
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices
that use embedded processors, sensors and
communication hardware to collect, send and act on data
they acquire from their environments.
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge device
where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally.
 Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related
devices and act on the information they get from one
another.

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How does IoT work?...
 The devices do most of the work without
human intervention, although people can
interact with the devices.
 For instance, to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data.
 The connectivity, networking and
communication protocols used with these
web-enabled devices largely depend on the
specific IoT applications deployed.
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Architecture of IoT
 In general, an IoT device can be explained as
a network of things that consists of hardware,
software, network connectivity, and sensors.
 The architecture of IoT devices comprises
four major components:
1. Sensing layer
2. Network layer
3. Data processing layer and
4. Application layers
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1. Sensing Layer
 The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify
any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain
data from the real world.
 This layer consists of several sensors.
 Using multiple sensors for applications is one of the
primary features of IoT devices.
 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through
sensor hubs.
 A sensor hub is a common connection point for
multiple sensors that accumulate and forward sensor
data to the processing unit of a device.
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1. Sensing Layer…

 Actuators can also intervene to change the


physical conditions that generate the data.
 An actuator might, for example, shut off a
power supply, adjust an airflow valve, or
move a robotic gripper in an assembly
process.

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1. Sensing Layer…
Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into
three broad categories as described below:
A. Motion Sensors
B. Environmental Sensors
C. Position sensors

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A. Motion Sensors
 Motion sensors measure the change in motion as
well as the orientation of the devices.
 There are two types of motions one can observe in a
device: linear and angular motions.
 The linear motion refers to the linear displacement
of an IoT device while the angular motion refers to
the rotational displacement of the device.

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B. Environmental Sensors

 Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc.


are embedded in IoT devices to sense the change in
environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.
 The primary purpose of using environmental sensors
in IoT devices is to help the devices to take
autonomous decisions according to the changes of a
device’s peripheral.
 For instance, environment sensors are used in many
applications to improve user experience (e.g., home
automation systems, smart locks, smart lights, etc.).
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C. Position sensors
 Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the
physical position and location of the device.
 The most common position sensors used in
IoT devices are magnetic sensors and Global
Positioning System (GPS) sensors.
 Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital
compass and help to fix the orientation of the
device display.
 GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT
1-14 devices.
2. Network Layer

 The network layer acts as a communication


channel to transfer data collected in the
sensing layer to other connected devices.
 In IoT devices, the network layer is
implemented by using diverse communication
technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
Z-Wave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to
allow data flow between other devices within
the same network.
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3. Data Processing Layer
 The data processing layer consists of the main data
processing unit of IoT devices.
 The data processing layer takes data collected in the
sensing layer and analyses the data to make decisions
based on the result.
 The data processing layer also saves the result of the
previous analysis to improve the user experience.
 This layer may share the result of data processing
with other connected devices via the network layer.

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4. Application Layer

 The application layer implements and presents


the results of the data processing layer to
accomplish disparate applications of IoT
devices.
 The application layer is a user-centric layer
that executes various tasks for the users.
 There exist diverse IoT applications, which
include smart transportation, smart home,
personal care, healthcare, etc.
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Architecture of IoT Graphically.

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