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CA Lecture 1

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17 views28 pages

CA Lecture 1

Uploaded by

sibghamehboob6
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Lecture 1
Saqib Khushhal
The Course
Objective
To develop a thorough understanding of high-
performance computer architecture, as a foundation for
work in computer architecture.
Deeper understanding of how computers work
Working knowledge of various subsystems
(components) and principles that affect their
performance
Quantify the performance measures.
Text Books and References
 Recommended Book
 D.A. Patterson and J.L. Hennessy, Computer
Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th edition,
Morgan-Kaufmann, 2007.
 Recommended Reading
K. Hwang, Advanced Computer Architecture:
Parallelism, Scalability, Programmability, McGraw-Hill,
1993.
M. J. Flynn, Computer Architecture: Pipelined and Parallel
Processor Design, Jones and Bartlett, 1995.
W. Stalling Computer Architecture and Organization
Latest Edition
Computer System
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Executes the programs

• Primary Memory
• Stores programs and data

• Input/Output Devices
• Allow CPU to communicate with
external hardware

• System Bus
• Connects everything together
• Address, Data, Control signals
Why it is difficult to present
nature and characteristics of
modern-day computer systems?
1. Variety of products
 Single-chip microprocessors
 Personal computers
 Supercomputers

2. Rapid pace of change


 Integrated circuit technology advancement
 Parallel organization concepts
What are Basic Performance
Characteristics of Computer Systems?
Processor speed
Memory speed
Memory capacity
Interconnection data rates

Note: It is difficult to design a balanced system that


maximizes the performance and utilization of all
elements.
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =Instruction Set Design +
Implementation
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Programmer visible instruction set.
Different ISAs may be more/less effective for different
target application areas
Implementation
The implementation of a computer has two components
 Organization
 Hardware
What is Computer Architecture…
Organization
The term organization includes the high level aspects of
a computer’s design, such as :

 Memory System
 Memory Interconnection
 Design of internal processor (where arithmetic, logic, branching
and data transfer is implemented).

The AMD opteron 64 and Intel Pentium 4 processors


have x86 instruction set, but have very different pipeline
and cache organization.
What is Computer Architecture…
Hardware
Refers to the specifics of a computer, including the
detailed logic design and packaging technology of a
computer.

Pentium 4 and the mobile Pentium 4 have


 Nearly identical ISA
 Nearly same organization
 Offer different clock rates and different memory systems
 Mobile Pentium 4 more effective for low end computers.
What is Computer Architecture…
 The word Architecture covers all three aspects of computer
design
 Instruction set Architecture
 Organization
 Hardware

 Computer Architects must design a computer to meet functional


requirements as well as price, power, performance and
availability goals.

 Note:
 Architects must be aware of important trends in both the technology and
the use of computers, as such trends not only affect future cost, but also
the longevity of a architecture.
Role of Computer Designer
Design a computer to meet functional requirements as
well as price, power, performance and availability
goals.

Must be aware of important trends in both the


technology and the use of computers, as such trends
not only affect future cost, but also the longevity of a
architecture.
Trends in Technology
Four implementation technologies, which change at a
dramatic pace are critical
Integrated Circuit Technology
Transistor density increase 35% per
Increase in die size 10% to 20 % per year.
Combined effect is a growth rate in transistor count on a
chip of about 40% to 55%. (Transistor on a chip double
every two year (Moor’s Law)).
Semiconductor DRAM
Capacity increases by about 40% per year, doubling
roughly ever two years.
Trends in Technology
Magnetic Disk
Prior to 1990 30% per year.
Rose to 60% per year thereafter
Increased to 100% in 1996.
Since 2004, it has again dropped to 30 % per year.
Disk are still 50-100 times cheaper per bit than DRAM.

Network Technology
Network technology depends both on the
 Performance of switches
 Performance of the Transmission
Performance Trend
Bandwidth or Throughput
The total amount of work done in a given time such as
megabytes per second for a disk transfer.

Latency or Response Time


The time between start and completion of an event such
as milliseconds for a disk access.
Bandwidth has improved much more rapidly than
Latency.
Bandwidth grows by at least the square of the
improvement in latency.
Performance Trend(Growth in Processor Performance)

Doubling the number of people on a


project doesn’t speed it up by 2x
Similarly, 2x transistors does not
automatically get you 2x performance

Possible because of continued


advances in computer architecture.

Much of computer architecture is


about how do you organize these
resources to get more done
Performance Trend(Growth in Processor Performance)

The combination of architectural and


organizational enhancements lead to 16 years of
sustained growth in performance at an annual rate
of 50%.
The effect of dramatic growth has been two fold
Significantly enhanced the capability available to
computer users (high performance microprocessors of
today outperform the supercomputers of less than 10
years age).
Dominance of multiprocessors-based computers
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units
Functional Units

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