COURSE: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SK. LAL MOHIDDIN

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
VIIT(A), Duvvada, Visakhapatnam
Pin: 530049
Phone No.: 9985570617
INTRODUCTION
Why we used prestressing
Prestressed concrete
Definition of Prestress and Prestressed concrete

 Internal stresses are induced in a member to counteract the external

stresses which are developed due to the external loads or service loads
 Concept:

 Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a

suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses
resulting from the external loads are counteracted to a desired degree.
 Terminology
 1. Tendon: A stretched element used in a concrete member of
structure to impart prestress to the concrete.
 2. Anchorage: A device generally used to enable the tendon to impart
and maintain prestress in concrete.
 3. Pretensioning: A method of prestressing concrete in which the
tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the
concrete is introduced by bond between steel & concrete.
 4. Post-tensioning: A method of prestressing concrete by tensioning the
tendons against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is
imparted to concrete by bearing.
 Stages of Loading
• The analysis of prestressed members can be different for the
different stages of loading. The stages of loading are as follows.

• 1) Initial: It can be subdivided into two stages. a) During

tensioning of steel b) At transfer of prestress to concrete.

• 2) Intermediate: This includes the loads during transportation of

the prestressed members.

• 3) Final: It can be subdivided into two stages. • a) At service,

during operation. • b) At ultimate, during extreme events.
 Types of Prestressing

• External or internal prestressing

• Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning

• Linear prestressing or Circular pre stressing

• Full, limited or partial prestressing

• Uniaxial, biaxial or multi-axial prestressing

External or internal prestressing: This classification is based on the
location of the prestressing tendon with respect to the concrete section.
Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning: This is the most important
classification and is based on the sequence of casting the concrete and
applying tension to the tendons
Linear or circular prestressing: This classification is based on
the shape of the member prestressed.
 Full, limited or partial prestressing Based on the amount of prestressing
force, three types of prestressing are defined:
 Full Prestressing: When the level of prestressing is such that no tensile stress is
allowed in concrete under service loads, it is called Full Prestressing (Type 1, as
per IS:1343 - 1980).

 Limited Prestressing: When the level of prestressing is such that the tensile
stress under service loads is within the cracking stress of concrete, it is called
Limited Prestressing (Type 2).

 Partial Prestressing: When the level of prestressing is such that under tensile
stresses due to service loads, the crack width is within the allowable limit, it is
called Partial Prestressing (Type 3)
 Uniaxial, biaxial or multi-axial prestressing: As the names suggest,
the classification is based on the directions of prestressing a
member.
 Uniaxial Prestressing: When the prestressing tendons are parallel to
one axis, it is called Uniaxial Prestressing. For example, longitudinal
prestressing of beams.
 Biaxial Prestressing: When there are prestressing tendons parallel to
two axes, it is called Biaxial Prestressing. The following figure
shows the biaxial prestressing of slabs.
Multiaxial Prestressing When the prestressing tendons are parallel to
more than two axes, it is called Multiaxial Prestressing. For example,
prestressing of domes.
Advantages
Advantages continue…
Applications
Applications continue…
Differences of Prestressed Concrete Over
Reinforced Concrete
PC RC
In prestress concrete member steel But in R.C.C., steel plays a passive
plays active role. role.
The stress in steel prevails whether The stress in steel in R.C.C
external load is there or not. members depends upon the external
loads. i.e., no external load, no
stress in steel.
In prestress concrete the stresses in where as in R.C.C the stress in steel
steel is almost constant. is variable with the lever arm.
In prestress concrete has more shear where as shear resistance of R.C.C
resistance. is less.
In prestress concrete members, In prestress concrete members,
deflections are less. deflections are more.
 High Strength Concrete

 Prestress concrete requires concrete, which has a high compressive

strength reasonably early age with comparatively higher tensile
strength than ordinary concrete.
 In 1930, high strength concrete having 28-days cube compressive
strength in the range of 30-70 N/mm2.
 With recent development, it will ranging from 70 to 100 N/mm2.
 Need for high strength concrete
 High strength concrete is necessary for prestress concrete as the
material offers highly resistance in tension, shear bond and bearing.
 Higher the grade of concrete higher the bond strength which is vital
in pretensioned concrete, Also higher bearing strength which is
vital in post-tensioned concrete.
 Generally minimum M30 grade concrete is used for post-tensioned
& M40 grade concrete is used for pretensioned members
 By using higher grade of concrete, High strength concrete is less
liable to shrinkage cracks and has lighter modulus of elasticity
and smaller ultimate creep strain resulting in a smaller loss of
prestress in steel.
 Minimum cement content of 300 to 360 kg/m3 is prescribed for
the durability requirement.
 The water content should be as low as possible
Permissible stress in concrete
 Shrinkage of concrete
 The volumetric changes of concrete structures due to the loss
of moisture by evaporation are known as concrete shrinkage or
shrinkage of concrete.
Shrinkage of concrete is the time-dependent strain at constant
temperature which occurs due to change in volume of concrete. It
can also be defined as the contracting of the concrete due to the water
evaporating from the mixture.
 Simple words shrinkage and creep

 Deformation which occurs without externally applied stress is

referred as shrinkage.
 Deformation which occurs with externally applied stress is
referred as Creep.
 Concrete creep
 Concrete creep is defined as: deformation of structure under
sustained load. Basically, long term pressure or stress on concrete
can make it change shape.
Deformation characteristics and codes
Deformation characteristics codes
 High Tensile steel
 For prestressed concrete members, the high-tensile steel, used generally, consists of
wires, bars or strands.

 The high tensile strength of steel is generally achieved by marginally increasing the
carbon content in steel in comparison to mild steel.

 High-tensile steel usually contains

 0.6 to 0.85% carbon,

 0.7 to 1 % manganese,

 0.05% of sulphur and phosphorus

 Nominal Size of bars used for prestressing are 10,12,16,20,22, 25,28 and 32mm dia.
 The steel used in prestress shall be any one of the following:-

 Plain cold and hard-drawn steel wire conforming to IS1785 (Part-I

& Part-II)
 Cold drawn indented wire conforming to IS6003

 High tensile steel wire bar conforming to IS2090

 Uncoated stress relived strand conforming to IS6006

Note:
1) Plain wire: No indentations on the surface.
2) Indented wire: There are circular or elliptical indentations on the surface.
 1) Plain cold drawn stress relieved wire conforming to IS:1785, Part 1,
Specification for Plain cold Drawn Steel Wire for Prestressed Concrete, Part I Cold
Drawn Stress Relieved Wire

2) Plain as-drawn wire conforming to IS:1785, Part 2, Specification for Plain Hard
Drawn Steel Wire for Prestressed Concrete, Part II As Drawn Wire.
High tensile steel wire bar conforming to IS2090

Cold drawn indented wire conforming to IS6003

Uncoated stress relived strand conforming to IS6006
 Permissible Stresses in Steel

 1) As per the Indian code, the permissible stresses in the tendons

at the time of initial prestressing should not exceed 80% of the
characteristic tensile strength of the tendons.
2) The final prestresses after allowing for all losses of prestress
should not be less than 45% of the characteristic tensile strength
of tendons.
 Relaxation of stress

 Relaxation of steel is defined as the decrease in stress with time under

constant strain.
 Due to the relaxation of steel, the prestress in the tendon is reduced with
time.
 Hence, the study of relaxation is important in prestressed concrete to
calculate the loss in prestress.
 The relaxation depends on the type of steel, initial prestress and the
temperature.
Relaxation losses at 1000 hours (IS:1785, IS:6003, IS:6006, IS:2090)
 Cover Requirements:

 According to IS: 1343-1980

 20 mm cover for pretensioned members

 30 mm or size of the cable which ever is bigger for post

tensioned members.
 If the prestress members are exposed to an aggressive
environment, these covers are increased by another 10 mm.
Methods of pretensioning systems
 Types of Post Tension Methods.

 Freyssinet System:.

 Magnel Blaton system:

 Gifford Udall System:

 Lee McCall System:

 Other Methods of Prestressing:

Freyssinet System
Magnel Blaton system
Gifford Udall System
Lee McCall System
 Other Methods of Prestressing

a) Electrical Prestressing
b) Chemical Prestressing
 Video links

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekD-7GJ9LkM
 https://www.mekano4.com/innovative-solutions-bridges-products/post-tensioning/#
post-tensioning%20-of-bridges
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MrQD2NamUE
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctnlMcPhVsQ