Data Communication and

Computer Network
Mattu University
Department of Management Information System
 Chapter-Two
Data Communications
Contents
 What is Data Communication?
 Components of Data Communication
 Data transmission
 Components of the network
What is Data Communication?
The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
 Data communications are the exchange of data between two or
more devices via some form of transmission medium.
For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must
be part of a communication system made up of a combination of
hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs).
 The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four
fundamental characteristics: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.
What is Data Communication? …
Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
 Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have
been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner.
 Data delivered late are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery
means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order that they are
produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time
transmission.
Jitter: Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the
uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
Components of Data Communication
A data communications system has five components.
Message: The message is the information/data to be communicated.
Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message.
Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message.
 Transmission medium: The transmission medium is the path by
which a message travels from sender to receiver.
Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications.
Components of Data Communication …
 It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.
 Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating,
just as a person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who
speaks only Japanese.
Components of Data Communication …
A protocol performs the following functions:
 Data sequencing.
• It refers to breaking a long message into smaller packets of fixed size.
• Data sequencing rules define the method of numbering packets to detect loss or
duplication of packets, and to correctly identify packets, which belong to same
message.
 Data routing.
• Data routing defines the most efficient path between the source and destination.
Components of Data Communication …
 Data formatting.
• Data formatting rules define which group of bits or characters within packet
constitute data, control, addressing, or other information.
 Flow control.
• A communication protocol also prevents a fast sender from overwhelming a slow
receiver.
• It ensures resource sharing and protection against traffic congestion by
regulating the flow of data on communication lines.
Components of Data Communication …
 Error control.
• These rules are designed to detect errors in messages and to ensure transmission
of correct messages.
• The most common method is to retransmit erroneous message block.
• In such a case, a block having error is discarded by the receiver and is
retransmitted by the sender.
 Precedence and order of transmission.
• These rules ensure that all the nodes get a chance to use the communication
lines and other resources of the network based on the priorities assigned to
them.
Components of Data Communication …
 Connection establishment and termination.
• These rules define how connections are established, maintained and terminated
when two nodes of a network want to communicate with each other.
 Data security.
• Providing data security and privacy is also built into most communication
software packages.
• It prevents access of data by unauthorized users.
Data transmission
Data transmission refers to the movement of data in form of bits
between two or more digital devices.
When we enter data into the computer via keyboard, each keyed
element is encoded by the electronics within the keyboard into an
equivalent binary coded pattern, using one of the standard coding
schemes that are used for the interchange of information.
The most widely used codes that have been adopted for this function
are the Extended Binary Coded Decimal (EBCDIC) and the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange codes (ASCII).
Types of Data Transmission
Parallel transmission
It is a practice to transfer data between subunits using a separate
wire to carry each bit of data.
In parallel transmission, all the bits of data are transmitted
simultaneously on separate communication lines.
In order to transmit n bits, n wires or lines are used.
 Parallel transmission is used for short distance communication.
 All n bits of one group are transmitted with each clock pulse from
one device to another i.e. multiple bits are sent with each clock pulse.
Parallel transmission …
Parallel transmission …
Advantage of parallel transmission is that it is speedy way of
transmitting data as multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously with
a single clock pulse.
Disadvantage of parallel transmission is that it is costly method of
data transmission as it requires n lines to transmit n bits at the same
time.
Serial Transmission
When transferring data between two physically separate devices,
especially if the separation is more than a few kilometers, for reasons
of cost, it is more economical to use a single pair of lines.
Data is transmitted as a single bit at a time using a fixed time interval
for each bit.
This mode of transmission is known as bit-serial transmission.
In serial transmission, the various bits of data are transmitted serially
one after the other.
In serial transmission, only single bit is sent with each clock pulse.
Serial Transmission …
The internal circuitry of computer transmits data in parallel fashion.
So, in order to change this parallel data into serial data, conversion
devices are used.
These conversion devices convert the parallel data into serial data at
the sender side so that it can be transmitted over single line.
On receiver side, serial data received is again converted to parallel
form so that the interval circuitry of computer can accept it.
Serial transmission is used for long distance communication.
Serial Transmission …
Serial Transmission …
Advantage of Serial transmission is that it use single communication
line reducing the transmission line cost by the factor of n as compared
to parallel transmission.
 Disadvantages of Serial transmission are:
 Use of conversion devices at source and destination end may lead to increase
in overall transmission cost.
 This method is slower as compared to parallel transmission as bits are
transmitted serially one after the other.
Serial Transmission …
There are two types of serial transmission-synchronous and
asynchronous both these transmissions use 'Bit synchronization’.
Bit Synchronization is a function that is required to determine when
the beginning and end of the data transmission occurs.
Bit synchronization helps the receiving computer to know when data
begin and end during a transmission.
Therefore, bit synchronization provides timing control.
Asynchronous Transmission
Asynchronous transmission sends only one character at a time where
a character is either a letter of the alphabet or number or control
character i.e. it sends one byte of data at a time.
Bit synchronization between two devices is made possible using start
bit and stop bit.
 Start bit indicates the beginning of data i.e. alerts the receiver to the
arrival of new group of bits.
A start bit usually 0 is added to the beginning of each byte.
Asynchronous Transmission …
Stop bit indicates the end of data i.e. to let the receiver know that
byte is finished, one or more additional bits are appended to the end
of the byte.
These bits, usually 1s are called stop bits.
Addition of start and stop increase the number of data bits. Hence
more bandwidth is consumed in asynchronous transmission
There is idle time between the transmissions of different data bytes.
This idle time is also known as Gap.
Asynchronous Transmission …
The gap or idle time can be of varying intervals.
This mechanism is called Asynchronous, because at byte level sender
and receiver need not to be synchronized.
But within each byte, receiver must be synchronized with the
incoming bit stream.
Synchronous Transmission
Synchronous transmission does not use start and stop bits.
In this method bit stream is combined into longer frames that may
contain multiple bytes.
There is no gap between the various bytes in the data stream.
In the absence of start & stop bits, bit synchronization is established
between sender & receiver by 'timing' the transmission of each bit.
Since the various bytes are placed on the link without any gap, it is
the responsibility of receiver to separate the bit stream into bytes so
as to reconstruct the original information.
Synchronous Transmission …
Concepts and Terminology
Transmission from transmitter to receiver goes over some
transmission medium using electromagnetic waves:
 Guided media: Waves are guided along a physical path; twisted pair, optical
fiber, coaxial cable.
 Unguided media: Waves are not guided; air waves, radio
 Direct link: Signal goes from transmitter to receiver with no intermediate
devices, other than amplifiers and repeaters
 Point-to-point link: Guided media with direct link between two devices, with
those two devices being the only ones sharing the medium.
Concepts and Terminology …
Simplex transmission: The communication is unidirectional, as on a
one-way street.
 Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
 Keyboards and traditional monitors and Television are examples of simplex
devices.
 The keyboard can only introduce input; the monitor can only accept output.
 The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in
one direction.
Concepts and Terminology …
Half duplex transmission: Each station can both transmit and receive,
but not at the same time. :
 When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa.
 It is like one-lane road with traffic allowed in both directions.
 When cars are traveling in one direction, cars going the other way must wait.
 The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever of the two devices
is transmitting at the time.
 Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band) radios are both half-duplex systems.
 The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each direction.
Concepts and Terminology …
Full duplex transmission: In full-duplex (also called duplex), both stations
can transmit and receive simultaneously.
 It is like a two-way street with traffic flowing in both directions at the same time.
 Signals going in one direction share the capacity of the link with signals going in
the other direction.
 This sharing can occur in two ways:
• Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for
sending and the other for receiving; or
• The capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both directions.
Concepts and Terminology …
One common example of full-duplex communication is the telephone
network.
When two people are communicating by a telephone line, both can
talk and listen at the same time.
The full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions
is required all the time.
The capacity of the channel, however, must be divided between the
two directions.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission
Data is transmitted from one point to another point by means of
electrical signals that may be in digital and analog form.
In analog signal the transmission power varies over a continuous
range with respect to sound, light and radio waves.
On the other hand, a digital signal may assume only discrete set of
values within a given range.
Analog signal is measured in Volts and its frequency is in Hertz (Hz).
A digital signal is a sequence of voltage represented in binary form.
Analog and Digital Data Transmission …
When digital data are to be sent over an analog form the digital signal
must be converted to analog form.
So, the technique by which a digital signal is converted to analog form
is known as modulation.
And the reverse process, that is the conversion of analog signal to its
digital form, is known as demodulation.
The device, which converts digital signal into analog, and the reverse,
is known as modem.
Rejuvenation of signal via amplifiers (analog) and repeaters (digital).
Analog and Digital Data Transmission …
Transmission Impairments
In communication system, analog signals travel through transmission
media, which tends to deteriorate the quality of analog signal.
This imperfection causes signal impairment.
This means that received signal is not same as the signal that was
send.
Causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, noise, and, and
induced.
Attenuation
It means loss of energy.
The strength of signal decreases with increasing distance which causes
loss of energy in overcoming resistance of medium.
This is also known as attenuated signal.
Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal which gives the
original signal back.
Attenuation is measured in decibels(dB).
It measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two
different point.
Attenuation …
Attenuation(dB) = 10log10(P2/P1).
P1 is power at sending end and P2 is power at receiving end.
Distortion
It means change in the shape of signal.
This is generally seen in composite signals with different frequencies.
Each frequency component has its own propagation speed travelling
through a medium.
Every component arrives at different time which leads to delay
distortion.
Therefore, they have different phases at receiver end from what they
had at sender’s end.
Noise
The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal
is called noise.
There are several types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk
noise, thermal noise and impulse noise which may corrupt the signal.
Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances.
 These devices act as sending antenna and transmission medium act as
receiving antenna.
Thermal noise is movement of electrons in wire which creates an
extra signal.
Noise …
Crosstalk noise is when one wire affects the other wire.
Impulse noise is a signal with high energy that comes from lightning
or power lines.
Components of the network
Devices and media are the physical elements, or hardware, of the
network.
Hardware is often the visible components of the network platform
such as a laptop, PC, switch, router, wireless access point, or the
cabling used to connect the devices.
Occasionally, some components may not be so visible.
In the case of wireless media, messages are transmitted through the
air using invisible radio frequency or infrared waves.
Components of the network …
Network components are used to provide services and processes.
 These are the communication programs, called software, that run on the
networked devices.
A network service provides information in response to a request.
Services include many of the common network applications people
use every day, like email hosting services and web hosting services.
 Processes provide the functionality that directs and moves the
messages through the network.
End Devices & their role
End devices are devices that people are most familiar with.
All computers connected to a network that participate directly in
network communication are classified as hosts.
These devices form the interface between users and the underlying
communication network.
Network Interface card: Each system or computer in a computer
network must have a card called network interface card (NIC).
 The main purpose of NIC is to format the data, send the data and receive the
data at the receiving node.
End Devices & their role …
Some examples of end devices are:
 computers (workstations, laptops, file servers, and web servers)
 network printers
 VoIP phones
 TelePresence endpoints
 security cameras
 mobile handheld devices (smartphones, tablets, PDAs, and wireless debit/credit
card readers and barcode scanners), sensors such as thermometers, weight
scales, and other devices that will be connected to the IoE.
End Devices & their role …
Server: Servers are computers that runs operating system and hold
data that can be shared over a computer network.
Client: A client is a computer that is connected to other computers in
the network and can receive data sent by other computers.
Intermediary Devices & their role
Intermediary devices interconnect end devices.
These devices provide connectivity and work behind the scenes to ensure
that data flows across the network.
Intermediary devices connect the individual hosts to the network and can
connect multiple individual networks to form an internetwork.
The management of data as it flows through the network is also a role of
the intermediary device.
These devices use the destination host address, in conjunction with
information about the network interconnections, to determine the path
that messages should take through the network.
Intermediary Devices & their role …
Processes running on the intermediary network devices perform these
functions:
 regenerate and retransmit data signals
 maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and
internetwork
 notify other devices of errors and communication failures.
 direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure.
 classify and direct messages according to quality of Service (QoS) priorities.
 permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings.
Intermediary Devices & their role …
Hub: Hub acts as a device that connects all the computer in a
network to each other.
 Any request that comes from a client computer first received by Hub and then
hub transmit this request over a network so that the correct server receives
and respond to it.
Switch: Switch is similar to hub however instead of broadcasting a
incoming data request it uses the physical device address in the
incoming request to transfer the request to correct server computer.
Intermediary Devices & their role …
Router: Router joins multiple computer networks to each other.
 For example, let’s say a company runs 100 computers over a local area
network (LAN) and another company runs another LAN of 150 computers.
 These both LANs can be connected with each other through a internet
connection which is provided by the router.
Network Media
Communication across a network is carried over a medium, such as through
a cable or through the air.
The medium facilitates communication from source to destination.
Modern networks primarily use three types of media to interconnect
devices and to provide the pathway over which data can be transmitted.
These media are:
1. metallic wires within cables.
2. glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable).
3. wireless transmission.
Network Media …
The signal encoding that must occur for the message to be
transmitted is different for each media type.
On metallic wires, the data is encoded into electrical impulses that
match specific patterns.
Fiber optic transmissions rely on pulses of light, within either infrared
or visible light ranges.
In wireless transmission, patterns of electromagnetic waves depict
the various bit values.
Network Media …
Different types of network media have different features and benefits.
Not all network media have the same characteristics, nor are they
appropriate for the same purposes.
The criteria for choosing network media are:
 the distance the media can successfully carry a signal.
 the environment in which the media is to be installed.
 the amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted.
 the cost of the media and installation.
Thank you!

Any questions?