CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DATA ANALYTICS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT PRESENTATIONS
GROUP 1

Tatenda Chifombo - C22153371P

Elvis Mabika - C221534821I
Jesse Mungwariri - C22153471R
 INTRODUCTION

• Database
A database is a collection of related data.
• Data
Refers to raw facts. The word “raw” indicates that they have not been processed,
meaning having no particular meaning.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

• The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications.

• Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures, and constraints of the data to be
stored in the database. The database definition or descriptive information is also stored by the DBMS
in the form of a database catalog or dictionary; it is called meta-data.

• Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some storage medium that is
controlled by the DBMS.
• Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying the database to retrieve specific data
Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneously.
 DBMS VS Database
Description Database DBMS

Storage Besides computers, databases can all the records are maintained only
even be maintained in physical on a computer
ledgers, books, or papers

Data Retrieval can be done manually, through through queries written in SQL.
queries, or by using programs
Speed when SQL is not used to retrieve the retrieval of information is very
information, it can be very slow. quick.
Access it is designed for a very small designed for a large number of
number of people (preferably few people who can access the data at
people) who access data at the same time
different times.
 EXAMPLES
Database DBMS
Reservation Database: Airlines for reservations and Microsoft Access
schedules

Customer Database: Telecom for calls made, MySQL

customer details and network usage

Student Records: Universities for registration, results Oracle Database

and grades

Customer Sales Database: Sales for products, MongoDB

purchases and customers

Banking for all transactions IBM Db2

•
ADVANTAGES OF USING DBMS

• Effective data integration

• Improved data sharing and data security
• Consistent, reliable data
• Data that complies with privacy regulations
• Increased productivity
• Better decision-making
 COMPONENTS OF DBMS
1. Hardware
 The hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer and It also
includes some various storage devices like hard disk and input output
devices like monitor, printer etc.
 Hardware is the most visible part of any information system which are the
equipment such as computers, scanners and printers that is used to capture
data, transform it and present it to the user as output.
 The hardware is the actual computer system used for keeping and
accessing the database.
 COMPONENTS OF DBMS

2. Software

 The main component of a Database management system is the software.

 Software is a collection or set of programs, instructions that tell a computer what to
do. Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures, and routines
associated with the operation of a computer system. A set of instructions that directs a
computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software program.
 It also includes the database software, operating system, network software used to
share the data with other users, and the applications used to access the data.
 This software component is capable of understanding the Database Access Language
and converts it into actual database commands to execute or run them on the
database.
 COMPONENTS OF DBMS

 Database Access Language is a simple language that allows users to write commands to perform the
desired operations on the data that is stored in the database.
 Database Access Language is a language used to write commands to access, insert, and delete data
stored in a database.
 Through utilizing the language, users can create new databases, tables, insert data, and delete data.
The examples of database languages are SQL(structured query language), My Access and Oracle. A
database language is comprised of two languages:
1.Data Definition Language (DDL), which is used to construct a database.
2.Data Manipulation Language (DML), which is used to access a database. The DML provides the
statements to retrieve, modify, insert and delete the data from the database.
 COMPONENTS OF DBMS
3. People

 The people are those who control and manage the databases and perform
different types of operations on the database in the DBMS.
 The people include database administrator, software developer and End user.
 Database administrator-database administrator is the one who manages the
complete database management system. DBA takes care of the security of the
DBMS, it’s availability, managing the license keys, managing user accounts and
access
• Software developer- This user group is involved in developing and designing the
parts of DBMs. They can handle massive quantities of data, modifying and editing
databases, designing and developing new databases, troubleshooting database
issues
 End users are the one who store, retrieve, update and delete data.
Components of a Database system
Schematic of a DBMS system
 TYPES OF DATABASES
Generally fall into one of two categories: relational and non-relational
databases. Since the 1970s, most DBMSs have been designed around the
relational model.
Relational Databases
 A relation is a set of tuples, or rows in a table, with each tuple sharing a set
of attributes, or columns:
 The relational model’s structural elements help to keep data stored in an
organized way
RELATIONAL DATABASES

To retrieve information from an

RDBMS, you can issue a query, or a
structured request for a set of
information. Most relational
databases use a language
called Structured Query Language
 NON-RELATIONAL DATABASES

The relation model cannot meet the needs of every application.

• It can be difficult to scale relational databases horizontally, and
though they’re ideal for storing structured data, they’re less
useful for storing unstructured data. Their limitations led to the
development of non-relational databases
• Typically don’t implement SQL for defining or querying data
T h e d a ta b a s e d e v e lo p m e n tlife c y c le
 TYPES OF DATABASES

1.Centralised Database
•The information(data) is stored at a centralized location and the
users from different locations can access this data. This type of
database contains application procedures that help the users to
access the data even from a remote location.
• Various kinds of authentication procedures are applied for the
verification and validation of end users
CENTRALISED DATABASE
 2. Distributed Database

• The distributed database has contributions from the common database

as well as the information captured by local computers also.
• The data is not at one place and is distributed at various sites of an
organization.
• These sites are connected to each other with the help of communication
links which helps them to access the distributed data easily.
 3. PARALLEL Database | DBMS

• A parallel DBMS is a DBMS that runs across multiple processors or CPUs

and is mainly designed to execute query operations in parallel, wherever
possible. The parallel DBMS link a number of smaller machines to achieve
the same throughput as expected from a single large machine.
• In Parallel Databases, mainly there are three architectural designs for
parallel DBMS. They are as follows:
• Shared Memory Architecture
• Shared Disk Architecture
• Shared Nothing Architecture
 A. SHARED MEMORY ARCHITECTURE

• In Shared Memory Architecture, there are multiple CPUs that are attached to an interconnection
network.
• They are able to share a single or global main memory and common disk arrays. It is to be noted
that, In this architecture, a single copy of a multi-threaded operating system and multithreaded
DBMS can support these multiple CPUs.
• Also, the shared memory is a solid coupled architecture in which multiple CPUs share their memory.
It is also known as Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP).
• This architecture has a very wide range which starts from personal workstations that support a few
microprocessors in parallel
SHARED MEMORY ARCHITECTURE
 SHARED MEMORY ARCHITECTURE

Advantages :
• It has high-speed data access for a limited number of processors.
• The communication is efficient.
Disadvantages :
• It cannot use beyond 80 or 100 CPUs in parallel.
• The bus or the interconnection network gets blocked due to the increment of
the large number of CPUs.
 B. SHARED DISK ARCHITECTURE

• In Shared Disk Architecture, various CPUs are attached to an

interconnection network.
• Each CPU has its own memory and all of them have access to the same
disk.
• The memory is not shared among CPUs therefore each node has its own
copy of the operating system and DBMS.
• Shared disk architecture is a loosely coupled architecture optimized for
applications that are inherently centralized.
• They are also known as clusters.
SHARED DISK ARCHITECTURE
 SHARED DISK ARCHITECTURE

Advantages :
• The interconnection network is no longer a bottleneck each CPU has its
own memory.
• Load-balancing is easier in shared disk architecture.
• There is better fault tolerance.
Disadvantages :
• If the number of CPUs increases, the problems of interference and memory
contentions also increase.
• There’s also exists a scalability problem
 C. SHARED NOTHING ARCHITECTURE

• Shared Nothing Architecture is multiple processor architecture in which

each processor has its own memory and disk storage.
• In this, multiple CPUs are attached to an interconnection network through
a node.
• Also, note that no two CPUs can access the same disk area.
• In this architecture, no sharing of memory or disk resources is done. It is
also known as Massively parallel processing (MPP).
SHARED NOTHING ARCHITECTURE
 SHARED NOTHING ARCHITECTURE

Advantages :
• It has better scalability as no sharing of resources is done
• Multiple CPUs can be added
Disadvantages:
• The cost of communications is higher as it involves sending of data and
software interaction at both ends
• The cost of non-local disk access is higher than the cost of shared disk
architectures.
 4. CLIENT SERVER DATABASES

• Client server database consists of two logical components, “Client”

and “Server”.
• Clients are those who send the request to perform a specific task to
the server. Servers are normally receive the command sent by the
clients, perform the task and send the appropriate result back to
the client.
• The Client machine runs own copy of an operating system.
• It runs one or more applications through client’s CPU and memory.
• The server runs a database management system which manages
the whole database.
CLIENT SERVER DATABASES
TYPES OF CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE

There are three types of client server architecture available in

database management system.

(a) Single tier client server computing model

(b) Two tier client server computing model
(c) Three tier client server computing model
 SINGLE TIER ARCHITECTURE

• This is the simplest architecture of Database in which the client, server, and
Database all reside on the same machine
• In One-Tier Architecture the database is directly available to the user, the
user can directly sit on the DBMS and use it
• The client, server, and the Database are all present on the same machine
SINGLE TIER ARCHITECTURE
 2-TIER ARCHITECTURE

• It uses two computers one client and server system

• The client is considered as the data capture tier while the client is
considered as the storage tier
2-TIER ARCHITECTURE
 3-TIER ARCHITECTURE

• Three tier architecture is the improvement over two tier architecture.

• Three tier architecture has three layers.
• The first layer is the user interface which runs on client system.
• The second layer is called the application server .
• It is used for business logic and data processing.
• The third layer is known as database server. It is a database management
system which stores the data as needed by the middle layer.
3-TIER ARCHITECTURE
 N-TIER ARCHITECTURE

• N-tier architecture is also called multi-tier architecture because the

software is engineered to have the processing, data management,
and presentation functions physically and logically separated.
• That means that these different functions are hosted on several
machines or clusters, ensuring that services are provided without
resources being shared and, as such, these services are delivered at
top capacity.
• The “N” in the name n-tier architecture refers to any number from 1.
 BENEFITS OF N-TIER

• Secure: You can secure each of the three tiers separately using different methods.
• Easy to manage: You can manage each tier separately, adding or modifying each tier without
affecting the other tiers.
• Scalable: If you need to add more resources, you can do it per tier, without affecting the other tiers.
• Flexible: Apart from isolated scalability, you can also expand each tier in any manner that your
requirements dictate.
• In short, with n-tier architecture, you can adopt new technologies and add more components without
having to rewrite the entire application or redesigning your whole software, thus making it easier to
scale or maintain. Meanwhile, in terms of security, you can store sensitive or confidential information
in the logic tier, keeping it away from the presentation tier, thus making it more secure.
• Easy to add new features. If you want to introduce a new feature, you can add it to the appropriate
tier without affecting the other tiers.
N-TIER ARCHITECTURE
N-TIER ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN DATABASES

• Companies around the globe are becoming more data dependent in every aspect of their
daily operations.
• The accumulation of high volumes of data and data management compliance issues are
presenting challenges for administrators. They are also facing cloud migration and new
technologies problems
Current Challenges
1. Optimal Database performance
 Huge data being put in databases that are designed poorly.
 Difficulty in retrieving data
 Running out of storage
 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN DATABASES

2. Cloud Migration
• Most organisations now use a mix of cloud and on-premises database
environments. There are issues inmoving and managing complex and huge hybrid
systems
3. Shifting to new technologies
• There is great amount of data processing to shift and updating databases
4.Hybrid and Large data
• Because the amount of data is getting bigger, database optimisation is much more
intensive and laborious.
 References

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2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/design-of-parallel-databases-dbms/
3. BMC, DBMS: Database Management Systems Explained.
https://www.bmc.com/blogs/dbms-database-management-systems/. Accessed 14 January 2023
4. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?printable=1&id=2786.
5. My Reading Room, Components of a Database Management System.
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Accessed on 15 January 2023
6. The Database Life Cycle, Medium. https://medium.com/informatics/the-database-life-cycle-4151969ca57
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Peter Rob