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SmithMinton Calculus ET 5e C03 S04

This document discusses increasing and decreasing functions and how to find local extrema. It defines what it means for a function to be increasing or decreasing on an interval. It presents theorems and examples for determining whether a point is a local extremum based on the sign of the derivative and whether the function is changing from increasing to decreasing or vice versa.

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rociochaj202330544
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29 views16 pages

SmithMinton Calculus ET 5e C03 S04

This document discusses increasing and decreasing functions and how to find local extrema. It defines what it means for a function to be increasing or decreasing on an interval. It presents theorems and examples for determining whether a point is a local extremum based on the sign of the derivative and whether the function is changing from increasing to decreasing or vice versa.

Uploaded by

rociochaj202330544
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CHAPTER
Applications of Differentiation
3
3.1 LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND NEWTON’S
METHOD
3.2 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND l’HÔPITAL’S RULE
3.3 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
3.4 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
3.5 CONCAVITY AND THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
3.6 OVERVIEW OF CURVE SKETCHING
3.7 OPTIMIZATION

Slide 2
CHAPTER
Applications of Differentiation
3
3.8 RELATED RATES
3.9 RATES OF CHANGE IN ECONOMICS AND THE
SCIENCES

Slide 3
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
We are all familiar with the terms
increasing and decreasing. If your
employer informs you that your
salary will be increasing steadily
over the term of your
employment, you have in mind
that as time goes on, your salary
will rise.

Slide 4
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 4.1
A function f is increasing on an interval I if for every x1, x2
∈ I with x1 < x2, f (x1) < f (x2) [i.e., f (x) gets larger as x gets
larger].

A function f is decreasing on the interval I if for every


x1, x2 ∈ I with x1 < x2, f (x1) > f (x2) [i.e., f (x) gets smaller as
x gets larger].

Slide 5
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
See if you can
notice what
happens at every
point at which the
function is
increasing or
decreasing.

Slide 6
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
THEOREM 4.1

Slide 7
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
The Connection to Local Extrema
Local extrema occur at points
where a function changes
from increasing to decreasing
or vise versa.

Slide 8
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
THEOREM 4.2 (First Derivative Test)
Suppose that f is continuous on the interval [a, b] and c ∈
(a, b) is a critical number.
(i) If f’(x) > 0 for all x ∈ (a, c) and f’(x) < 0 for all x ∈ (c, b)
(i.e., f changes from increasing to decreasing at c), then
f(c) is a local maximum.
(ii) If f’(x) < 0 for all x ∈ (a, c) and f’(x) > 0 for all x ∈ (c, b)
(i.e., f changes from decreasing to increasing at c), then
f(c) is a local minimum.
(iii) If f’(x) has the same sign on (a, c) and (c, b), then f’(c)
is not a local extremum.
Slide 9
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 4.4 Finding Local Extrema of a Function
with Fractional Exponents

Find the local extrema of f (x) = x5/3 − 3x2/3.

Slide 10
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 4.4 Finding Local Extrema of a Function
with Fractional Exponents
Solution

The critical numbers are 6/5 [ f’(6/5) = 0] and 0 [ f’(0) is


undefined].

Slide 11
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 4.4 Finding Local Extrema of a Function
with Fractional Exponents
Solution

Slide 12
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 4.4 Finding Local Extrema of a Function
with Fractional Exponents
Solution

f has a local maximum at x = 0


and a local minimum at
x = 6/5.

Slide 13
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 4.5 Finding Local Extrema Approximately

Find the local extrema of f (x) = x4 + 4x3 − 5x2 − 31x + 29


and draw a graph.

Slide 14
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 4.5 Finding Local Extrema Approximately

Solution

Using Newton’s method or some


other root-finding method
[applied to f’(x)], we can find
approximations to the three zeros
of f’: a ≈ −2.96008, b ≈ −1.63816 and c ≈ 1.59824.
Slide 15
INCREASING AND DECREASING
3.4
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 4.5 Finding Local Extrema Approximately

Solution

There is a local minimum at


a ≈ −2.96008, a local maximum
at b ≈ −1.63816, and a local
(and absolute) minimum at
c ≈ 1.59824.
Slide 16

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