Probability
What Is Probability?
Probability is the way of expressing knowledge
of belief that an event will occur on chance.
Did You Know?
Probability originated from the Latin word
meaning approval.
Probability
Probability is the branch of math that
studies patterns of chance
The idea of probability is based on
observation. Probability describes what
happens over many, many trials.
Definition of Probability
❤ Probability is the measure of how likely it is
the some event will occur, a number
expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the
whole number or cases possible.
❤ For example the chance of a coin landing on
heads is 50%. This is because a coin has two
sides so there is a 50% chance that the coin
will land on heads and 50% that a coin will
land on tails.
Definition Of Theoretical
Probability
P(E)=No. of Favorable outcomes
Total no. of outcomes
Where E - event
Definition of Experimental Probability
Experimental Probability is the chance of something happening,
based on repeated testing and observing results. It is the ration of
the number of times an even has occurred to the number of times
it has been tested.
For example to find the probability of getting a six when rolling
a dice, you need to roll the dice many times, then divide the
number of times who rolled a six with how many times you
rolled the dice in total.
When question arises related to
chance of something happening
, you are dealing with
probability.
Some common terms related to probability
Experiment: Is a situation involving chance or
probability that leads to results called
outcomes.
Outcome: A possible result of a random
experiment.
Equally likely outcomes: All outcomes with equal
probability.
Some common terms related to probability
(contd.)
Sample space: The set of outcomes of an experiment is
known as sample space.
Event: One or more outcomes in an experiment.
Sample point: Each element of the sample space is called
a sample point.
Key Points
P(A)= (the number of times the desired outcome
occurs) ÷ (the total number of trials)
Events are independent if the outcome of one event
does not influence the outcome of any other event
Events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur
together
Addition Rule: P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
Probability A vs. B
• IF P (A) > P (B)
• THEN A is more likely to occur
• IF P(A) = P(B)
• THEN P (AB) are equally likely to
occur
Types Of Events
Simple Event – If an event E has only one sample
point in sample space, it is called a simple or
elementary event.
Compound Event – If an event has more than one
sample point, it is called compound event.
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are mutually exclusive events if
occurrence of any one of them excludes the occurrence
of the other, i.e. they can not occur simultaneously.
For Example: Let A and B be two different events
i.e. A={1,3,5} , B={2,4,6}
Then in this case A and B are mutually exclusive
events.
As A∩B=ф
So, this implies mutually exclusive events are disjoint
sets
Exhaustive Events
In general if E1 ,E2 , … En are n events of a sample
space S and if
E1UE2UE3U…UEn = UEi = S
i=1
then E1 ,E2 , … En exhaustive called events.
In other words E1 ,E2 , … En are called exhaustive if
at least one of them necessarily occurs when the
experiment is performed.
Example Of Spinner
A spinner has 4 equal sides colored: yellow,
blue, green, and red. Suppose you spin that spinner
and it lands on red. What are the chances of this
event having that outcome?
The Chances of landing on red are 1 in 4 or
¼. These chances are so because the spinner is
divided into 4 and it landed on 1 of the equal sides.
Example Of Dice
Probability (1/6)
- for each number 1-6
1 = each number on a die
(1,2,3,4,5,6)
6 = total number of sides
Continued…
We Can Also Say…
•Probability of EVEN numbers:
•P (3/6) OR (1/3)
•Probability of ODD numbers:
•P (3/6) OR (1/3)
Probability- General Rules
1. Probability is a number between 0 and 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all
possible outcomes in a sample space is 1.
3. The probability that an event does not
occur is 1 minus the probability that it does
occur. (also called the complement of A)
Probability- General Rules
(contd.)
Probability of a sure event is 1.
Probability of an impossible event
is 0.
Possible outcomes and counting
techniques
If you can do one task in A ways and a second task in B
ways, then both tasks can be done in A x B ways.
Flip a coin and toss a die (2)(6)= 12 possible outcomes
Possible outcomes and counting
techniques
Where is Probability Used?
Probability is used a lot in daily life,
Probability is used in such as Math,
Statistics, Finance, Gambling, Science,
Machine and Artificial Intelligence, and in
many other activities.
QUIZ
• I have 40 candies
• 26 are Red
• 4 are Blue
• 10 are Yellow
• I’m going to take out one.
Question and Answers
• Q: What is the probability of getting a red candy?
• A: 13/20 or 0.65
• Q: What is the probability of getting a yellow
candy?
• A: ¼ or 0.25
• Q:What is the probability of getting a blue candy
• A: 1/10 or o.1
THANK YOU
Sir michael
