INTRODUCTION TO

CHEMISTRY
 Intended learning outcomes
The students should be able to:
Explain the significance of chemistry in the field
of engineering
Explain the scientific method
Explain the three level of
understanding/perspective in chemistry
Describe properties of matter
Classify matter into pure substances and mixture
Compare solid, liquid and gas
Differentiate physical from chemical change
Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (ABET)
A professional organization that oversees
engineering education
Defines ENGINEERING
“Engineering is the profession in which the
knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences
gained by study, experience and practice is
applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize
economically the materials and forces of nature
for the benefit of mankind.”
 Definition of chemistry
a branch of physical science, that deals with the
study of the composition, properties and changes in
matter
Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science"
because of its role in connecting the physical
sciences, with the life sciences and applied sciences
such as medicine and engineering
Chemistry is an empirical science and is studied by:
Measuring physical properties and observing
chemical reactions.
Models are created to explain observations and
organize collected data.
 Significance of Chemistry
Chemistry plays an important role in many areas of
engineering and technology
 Selection of materials and designs of structures (CE)
 Essential in the understanding of how electrons flow as
basis of electricity (ECE,EE)
 Chemical reactions involve in the manufacturing of
different products (food, beverages, pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, polymers, plastics, paints, etc) (CHE)
 Experimental research and development of new
products like drugs and alternative sources of energy
 Design machines and other equipment (ME)
 Solutions to environmental problems
 Scientific method
Chemistry as science employs scientific method
A systematic approach to research
Orderly and systematic approach to gather
information in order to answer questions about
the world
Make observations of nature.
Derive a hypothesis or build a model in
response to observations.
Construct experiments to bolster or refute
hypothesis or model.
Models in science
Models refer to a largely empirical description.
Gas pressure is proportional to temperature.

Theories are explanations grounded in some

more fundamental principle or assumption about
the behavior of a system.
Relationship between gas pressure and
temperature explained using kinetic energy.

Laws are sufficiently refined, well tested, and

widely accepted theories.
MATTER AND ENERGY
MATTER
Anything that occupies space and has
mass
Stuff that makes up all the material
things that are part of our lives
Composed of tiny particles called
atoms
MASS vs WEIGHT
MASS – a measure of quantity of matter

WEIGHT- gravitational force of attraction

exerted by the earth on a body
Levels of Understanding/Perspective

Macroscopic

Microscopic

Symbolic
MACROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE
Matter is anything
that has mass and
can be observed.

Matter is observed
through their
properties and
changes
MICROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE
Matter is
composed of
unimaginably small
particles called
atoms that retain
the chemical
identity of the
element they
represent.
SYMBOLIC PERSPECTIVE
Chemical Symbols are
used to represent
elements
Chemical Formula is
used to represent
compounds
pure aluminum, Al Chemical Equations
are used to represent
aluminum oxide,
Al2O3 chemical reactions
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
INTRINSIC PROPERTIES
- inherent properties of substance
- best identified matter
- depend on the kind of material
- permanent properties of substances
- include taste, odor, color, melting point,
boiling point, crystalline structure, viscosity,
solubility, transparency, atomic or molecular
diameter
EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES
- qualities
that describe the outside
appearance of matter
- not characteristic of material itself
- Example: size, shape, length and mass
 MEASURABLE PROPERTIES
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

- dependson the amount of material present

- Example: mass, length, volume
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

- do not depend on the amount of material

present
- example: temperature, boiling point,
melting point, density
Physical and Chemical Properties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

- canbe measured and observed without

changing the composition or identity of
substance
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

- these
properties are observed after a
chemical change
 STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS
-Definite shape, rigid -Assume the shape of -Indefinite shape
-Definite volume container -Indefinite volume
-Particles are close -Definite volume -Particles are far apart
together -Fluid- able to flow -Particles move fast
-Particles can hardly -Particles are close -High kinetic energy
move -Particles are mobile -Expands to fill the
-Very low kinetic energy -Low kinetic energy container
-High density -High density -Density depends on
-Not affected by -Less affected by pressure
pressure pressure
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

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PURE SUBSTANCE
 consistof only one type of matter
 has a definite or constant composition
 has a distinct properties
 can not be separated by physical means
 can be an ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
 ELEMENT
Composed of only one type of atom
Fundamental substances from which all
materials are constructed
Simplest form of substance that can not be
decomposed
Can not be separated into simpler substance
by chemical means
115 known elements
Represented by SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS FROM LATIN
WORDS
Symbol Name Latin Word
Na Sodium Natrium
K Potassium Kalium
Fe Iron Ferrum
Cu Copper Cuprum
Ag Silver Argentum
Au Gold Aurum
Hg Mercury Hydrargytum
Pb Lead Plumbum
Sb Antimony Stibium
W Tungsten Wolfram
 GROUPINGS OF ELEMENTS
METALS SEMIMETALS NON-METALS
-Brilliant luster -Metalloids -Light
-Ductile (can be drawn -Propertiessimilar to -Powdery solid or
into wire) both metals and non invisible gases at room
-Malleable (can be metals temperature
hammered into thin -Examples: Silicon, -Poor conductor of
sheets) Boron, Arsenic electricity
-Good conductor of heat Example: He, S, Ar
and electricity
- Examples: Cu, Al, Au,
Ag
 COMPOUNDS
A substance composed of 2 or more elements
chemically combined in definite and constant
proportion
A pure substance because all the particles in the
compound are alike
Elements that make up the compound lose their
identity due to chemical change
Can not be separated by ordinary physical means
Molecules – particles that make up a compound
 COMPOUNDS
Homogeneous entity where the elements have
definite proportion by mass
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION OR
COMPOSITION: any pure compound always
contains the same elements in exactly the same
proportion by mass
Represented by CHEMICAL FORMULA
COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- carbon containing compounds
- Example: methane CH4
sucrose C12H22O11
ethyl alcohol CH3CH2OH
- Exception: CaC2, MgCO3, KCN
COMPOUNDS
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- compounds that do not contain carbon
- Examples: NaCl
H2O
SO2
NaOH
MIXTURE

Physical combination of two or more

substances in which the substances retain their
distinct properties
Do not have constant composition
Can not be represented by chemical formula
Can be separated by physical means
Can be natural or artificial
Can be homogeneous or heterogeneous
Types of Mixture
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
- has uniform appearance and composition
- example is SOLUTION
- Examples:
sugar solution, salt solution,
vinegar (acetic acid + water)
rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol + water)
air (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, He, etc)
•HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
- does not have a uniform composition
COLLOIDS - characterized by
(a) Tyndal effect (scattering of light)
(b) brownian movement (zigzag, random
motion of particles)
Examples: paints, smoke, fog, gel,
styrofoam, mayonnaise, gems
SUSPENSION – particles are larger than colloids
- particles settle down and form
precipitate
CHANGES IN MATTER
PHYSICAL CHANGE
- alters the form or state but not the
composition of substance

CHEMICAL CHANGE
- involves change in the structure and
composition of substance
CHEMICAL CHANGE
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
- release heat in the surrounding

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
- heat is absorbed from the surrounding
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
- States that matter is neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction

All changes are accompanied by change in energy.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

- states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed
although energy can assume many different forms
that are inter-convertible.
Energy – capacity to do work
FORMS OF ENERGY
 Kinetic energy – energy produced by moving objects by
virtue of its velocity
 Potential energy – energy available by virtue of its position
 Radiant energy – solar energy from the sun
 Thermal energy- associated with random motion of atoms
and molecules
 Chemical energy – stored energy within the structural units
of chemical substances\
 Nuclear or atomic energy – energy released when atom is
split
References
Brown,B.S, Holme,T.A,(2012) Chemistry for
Engineering Students, 2ed: Cengage Learning Asia
Pte Ltd
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Boston: McGraw-
Hill Higher Education.
Masterton,W.L, et al (2018) Principles and
Reactions: Chemistry for Engineering Students,
Cengage Learning
Thank you for listening!