MEDIUM

S OF ART
 Medium in art refers to the material or
means which the artist uses to
objectity.
1. pigment in painting
2. stone, wood, and metal in sculpture
3. various building materials in
architecture
4. sound in music
5. words in literature
6. body movements in the dance.
 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
MEDIUM
• 1. The visual or space arts - those whose mediums can
be seen and which occupy space. lhese in turn are
grouped into two categories:
a. The two-dimensional arts, such as painting,
drawing, printmaking, and photography, and
b. The three-dimensional arts, such as sculpture,
architecture, landscaping, community planning,
industnal design, and the craits like ceramics and
furniture-making.
2. The auditory or time arts - those whose
mediums can be heard and which are
expressed in time. these are music and
literature.
3. The combined arts - those whose mediums
can be both seen and heard, and which exist in
both space and time. These include the dance,
the drama, the opera, and the movies.
MEDIUM
OF
VISUAL
ART
1. Encaustic painting, also 2. Tempera paints are earth
known as hot wax or mineral pigments mixed
painting, is a form of with egg yolk and egg
painting that involves a white. Since the paint dries
heated wax medium to quickly. Corrections are
which colored pigments difficult to make. Thus, the
have been added. The artist using this medium
molten mix is applied to a must plan his design well.
surface—usually prepared
wood, though canvas and
other materials are
sometimes used.
• In the past, tempera
was most often used
for painting on vellum
in the production of
books. Now tempera is
normally applied on
wooden panels
carefully surfaced with
gesso, a combination
of gypsum or chalk
and gelatin or glue.
3. Fresco painting is the 4. Watercolor is tempered
application of earth paint made of pure ground
pigments mixed with water pigment bound with gum
on a plaster wall while the Arabic. Painters apply
watercolor in thin, almost
plaster is damp. Color then transparent films.
sinks into the surface and
Normally, watercolor
becomes an integral part of painting has to be done in
the wall. The image one sitting. There can be
becomes permanently fixed very little or no corrections
and lasts as long as the wall made at all with
exists. watercolor.
5. Oil painting is
a medium of
painting with
pigments mixed
with drying oils,
usually on wood
panel or canvas.
VINCENT VAN GOGH, The
Road with Cypress Star (1890),
oil on canvas.
6. Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint 7. Mosaic is a technique used to
made of pigment suspended in create abstract patterns or
acrylic polymer emulsion and figurative designs on a surface by
plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, combining small pieces of stone,
stabilizers, or metal soaps. They shells, glass, or tiles, which are
have many advantages. For one held together by mortar or plaster.
thing, they combine the transparency The technique can be used on
and quick-drying characterstics of large-scale surfaces such as walls
watercolor and the flexibility of oil. and floors, as well as smaller
They are completely insoluble when objects, such as 18th-century
dry, and they can be used on almost micromosaics.
any surface. They can be applied
thinly with a water dipped brush.
EMPREM THEODORA AND HER RETINUE (516-
548), mosaic, San Vitale Church, Ravenna, Italy
8. Stained glass refers to
colored glass used for
making decorative
windows and other
objects through which
light passes.
• All colored glass is
technically “stained” or
colored by adding
various metallic oxides
while it is in a molten
A print is a graphic
image that results from a
duplicating process.
Printmaking is the
process of creating
artworks by printing,
normally on paper, but
also on fabric, wood,
metal, and other
surfaces.
The making of prints was
originally resorted to in order
to make many faithful copies
of a drawing. Today,
printmaking has become an
independent art; it is as
popular as painting and
sculpture.
The four major processes
involved in printmaking are
the relief, intaglio,
planographic, and stencil
Relief printing involves
cutting away from a block of
wood or line leum the
portions of the design that
the artist does not want to
show, leaving the design to
stand out on the block the
uncut, smooth surface is then
covered with ink, which,
under pressure, leaves an
impression on paper or
cardboard
The principles of printing in
intaglio are exactly the
opposite of those of relief
printing. The design is
scratched, engraved, or
etched into a metal plate.
The incised line or depressed
area is filled with ink.
Which, under considerable
pressure, leaves a sharp
impression on damp paper.
Planographic or surface printing is
done from an almost smooth
surface which has been treated
chemically or mechanically so that
some areas will print and others
will not. The arfist draws his
design with a greasy crayon or
pencil on a slab of special
limestone or a zine plate. The
drawing is then fixed with an acid
solution. Then a greasy ink is
spread over it with a roller. A print
can then be made by pressing a
• Stencil printing is done by cutting designs out of special
paper, card board, or metal sheet in such a way that when ink
is rubbed over it, the design is reproduced on the surface
beneath
• Serigraphy, or silk-screen printing, is fundamentally a
mulficolor stencil process. The printing is done through a
screen which consists of a very fine silk or nylon mesh
stretched fightly over a simple wooden frame Parts of the
mesh are blocked out with a stencil and the areas which are to
print are leff open. The screen is then placed over the paper to
be printed Ink or paint is squeezed through the open portions
in the mesh onto the paper or cloth underneath. For multicolor
prints a separate screen is used for each color.
THE TECHNIQUES
OF SCUPTURE
FREE-STANDING SCULPTURE

• A freestanding sculpture is a
sculpture that is unattached to
any background. These
sculptures can be walked
around and viewed from all
angles. Freestanding sculptures
can stand on their own, or be
attached at the base for
support. A freestanding
sculpture is also known as a
“sculpture in the round.”
MOBILES
• is a type of kinetic sculpture
constructed to take advantage of the
principle of equilibrium. It consists
of a number of rods, from which
weighted objects or further rods
hang. The objects hanging from the
rods balance each other, so that the
rods remain more or less horizontal.
Each rod hangs from only one
string, which gives it the freedom to
rotate about the string. An ensemble
of these balanced parts hang freely
in space, by design without coming
into contact with each other.
 CARVING

• Carving refers to the act

of shaping something by
using tools to cut into or
shape solid material, such
as wood or stone. It
involves scraping away
portions of the material to
create a desired form or
design.
MOLDING

• Modeled sculptures are

created when a soft or
malleable material (such
as clay) is built up and
shaped to create a form.
Modeling is an additive
process. Sculptors gather
and join different
materials to create an
assembled sculpture.
 CASTING/METAL CASTING

• Sculptures that
are cast are
made from a
material that is
melted down—
usually a metal
—that is then
poured into a
mold.
METAL CASTING
 FABRICATION
the action or process of
manufacturing or inventing
something. Sculptural fabrication
refers to the process of building a
three-dimensional object, such as
statues, sculptures, multi-media works
and art installations. Art fabrication
describes the production of highly
complex or large-scale works of art
using various tools and technologies
that may require more than one
person's contribution.