Fuzzy Logic & Sets

Dr. Ashish Kumar

Associate Professor-CSE
Manipal University Jaipur
 Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning, and it involves all
intermediate possibilities between YES and NO.
• The word "fuzzy" means "vaguness (ambiguity)".
• Fuzzy Set Theory was formalized by Professor Lofti Zadeh at the University of California in 1965. He
observed that unlike computers, the human decision making includes a range of possibilities between
YES and NO, such as − CERTAINLY YES, POSSIBLY YES, CANNOT SAY, POSSIBLY NO, CERTAINLY NO.
The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve the definite output.
• Fuzzy Logic is in fact, a precise problem-solving methodology.
• It is able to simultaneously handle numerical data and linguistic knowledge.
• A technique that facilitates the control of a complicated system without knowledge of its mathematical
description.
 Fuzzy Logic
• In traditional logic an object takes on a value of either zero or one. In fuzzy logic, a statement can
assume any real value between 0 and 1, representing the degree to which an element belongs to a given
set.
 Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy logic is based on the theory of fuzzy sets which is a generalization of the classical set theory.
• The fundamental concept of Fuzzy Logic is the membership function, which defines the degree of
membership of an input value to a certain set or category. The membership function is a mapping from
an input value to a membership degree between 0 and 1, where 0 represents non-membership and 1
represents full membership.
• The Fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve a definite output.
• Fuzzy Logic is implemented using Fuzzy Rules, which are if-then statements that express the
relationship between input variables and output variables in a fuzzy way. The output of a Fuzzy Logic
system is a fuzzy set, which is a set of membership degrees for each possible output value.
• It can be implemented in systems with different sizes and capabilities such as micro-controllers, large
networked or workstation-based systems. Also, it can be implemented in hardware, software or a
combination of both.
 Classical Set
• A set is defined as a collection of objects, which share certain characteristics.
• Classical set is a collection of distinct objects. For example, a set of students passing grades.
• Each individual entity in a set is called a member or an element of the set.
• The classical set is defined in such a way that the universe of discourse is splitted into two groups
members and non-members. Hence, In case classical sets, no partial membership exists.
• Let A is a given set. The membership function can be use to define a set A is given by:
• Operations on classical sets:
Union (Logical OR), Intersection (Logical AND), Complement, Difference.
• Properties of classical sets:
Commutativity, Associativity, Distributivity, Idempotency, Identity, Transitivity.
 Fuzzy Set
• Fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership between 1 and 0. Fuzzy sets are represented with tilde
character(~). For example, Number of cars following traffic signals at a particular time out of all cars
present will have membership value between [0,1].
• Partial membership exists when member of one fuzzy set can also be a part of other fuzzy sets in the
same universe.
• The degree of membership or truth is not same as probability, fuzzy truth represents membership in
vaguely defined sets.
• A fuzzy set A~ in the universe of discourse, U, can be defined as a set of ordered pairs and it is given by

• Fuzzy sets also satisfy every property of classical sets.

• Common Operations on fuzzy sets are Union, Intersection and Compliment.
• Some other useful operations on Fuzzy set are Algebraic Sum, Algebraic Product, Bounded Sum and
Bounded Difference.
Fuzzy Set - Example
Classical Set vs Fuzzy Set
Membership Function
 Fuzzy Operations
• Fuzzy operations are performed on fuzzy sets, whereas crisp operations are performed on crisp sets.
Fuzzy operations are very useful in the design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller. It allows the manipulation of
fuzzy variables by different means.
Union Operation
Intersection Operation
Compliment Operation
 Fuzzy Inference System
• A fuzzy inference system is the key unit of a fuzzy logic system. The typical structure of a fuzzy
inference system consists of various functional blocks. It uses new methods to solve everyday problems.
• Fuzzy Inference System is the key unit of a fuzzy logic system having decision making as its primary
work. It uses the “IF…THEN” rules along with connectors “OR” or “AND” for drawing essential decision
rules.
• The output from FIS is always a fuzzy set irrespective of its input which can be fuzzy or crisp.
• It is necessary to have fuzzy output when it is used as a controller.
• A defuzzification unit would be there with FIS to convert fuzzy variables into crisp variables.
• A fuzzy inference system is used in different fields, for example, information order, choice examination,
master system, time arrangement forecasts, advanced mechanics, and example acknowledgment.
• It is otherwise called a fuzzy rule-based system, fuzzy model, fuzzy logic controller, fuzzy expert system,
and fuzzy associative memory.
 Fuzzy Inference System
• The essential structure of a fuzzy inference system comprises three entities:
1. A rule base containing fuzzy rules
2. A database (or dictionary), containing the participation functions utilized in the fuzzy rules.
3. A reasoning mechanism performing the induction made upon the guidelines and the facts given to
infer a reasonable output or conclusion.
 Popular Fuzzy Inference Systems (Fuzzy Models)
1. Mamdani Fuzzy Models 2. Sugeno Fuzzy Models
• The core difference between these fuzzy inference systems is in the consequents of their fuzzy rules, and
their distinguishing conglomeration and defuzzification procedures.

• Ebrahim Mamdani Fuzzy Model

• This is the most used fuzzy inference system.
• Professor Mamdani fabricated one of the primary fuzzy systems to control a steam motor and kettle
mix. He applied fuzzy rules put forth by experienced human operators.
• Sugeno Fuzzy Model
• This model was proposed by Takagi, Sugeno, and Kang.
• For developing a scientific approach to generate fuzzy rules from a given set of input-output data.
“Thank you for being such an
engaged audience during my
presentation.”
- Dr. Ashish Kumar