Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

and Studies

Practical Research 1
Literature
Review
Choose a reliable source
What is your
choice?
What is your
choice?
 Related Literature

Copy + paste Analytic process

Synthesize
1. In writing a review of related literature &
studies, which of the following should be
included?
i. Introduction
ii. Conceptual Literature
iii. Related Studies
iv. Conclusion
a. i &ii b. i , ii & iii c. ii , iii &iv
d. i, ii , iii & iv
2. What is the skill needed in selecting relevant
related literature aside from searching &
reading?
a. storing
b. evaluating
c. calculating
d. comparing
3. Which should not be considered in arranging
the body of related literature & studies?
a. alphabetical order
b. chronological
c. themes
d. methods
4. One of the standards in writing the RRL is
APA format and it stands for ________.
a. American Psychological Association
b. American Psychiatric Association
c. American Physiological Association
d. American Plagiarism Association
5. What should be written in paraphrasing an
author’s idea using an APA format?
a. First name and date of publication
b. Last name and date of publication
c. First name and page number
d. Last name and page number
 ANALYSIS

• What is a Literature Review? Why do you

think it is important in conducting research?
• What are the three parts of a Literature
Review?
• As a researcher, how are you going to write
the Literature section of your paper?
 • LITERATURE REVIEW

https://www.google.com/search?q=ima
ges+related+to+literature+review
A LITERATURE REVIEW compiles and
evaluates the concepts and research studies
available on a certain topic or issue that you are
researching and writing about.
A LITERATURE REVIEW acts as a springboard into the
researcher’s own study, showing that there are gaps in the
research field, and providing a partial justification for the
research.

A literature review is an evaluative report of

information found in the literature related to
your selected area of study.
1. Conceptual Literature

Conceptual Literature pertains to articles or

books written by authorities giving their
opinions, experience, theories, ideas, what is
good or bad. Specifically, conceptual literature is
taken from books, journal, literary materials as
they are sources of information that are relevant
to your study. Readings from these materials can
help you “conceptualize” what is written in
books or journals about your study.
 Sample: Oral Folk Literature of Aetas in Kati-Kati, San Miguel, Jordan,
Guimaras

On Aetas as Ethnic Group

According to Waddington (2012), the Aeta tribe is one of the most
widespread ethnic groups in the Philippines. Their history and cultural contributions
continue to confuse anthropologists and archeologists. One theory of their history is,
they are descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines which may be the
reason of their widespread population distribution.
Arsenio E. Manuel, an anthropologist says that Aetas believe in a supreme
being named Gutugutumakkan. Manuel notes other lesser deities of the Aetas. They
are Kedes, the god of hunting; Pawi, the god of the forest; and Sedsed, the god of
the sea. There are also four manifestations of the “great creator” who rules the
world: Tigbalog, the source of life and action; Lueve, the one who takes care of
production and growth; Amas, the one who moves people to pity, love, unity, and
peace of heart; and Binangewan, the one responsible for change, sickness, and
death. These spirits inhabit the Balite trees.
 Sample: Oral Folk Literature of Aetas in Kati-Kati, San Miguel, Jordan,
Guimaras

On Legends
According to Eugenio L. Damiana in his work "Philippine
Folk Literature: The Legends," legends may simply be defined as an
account of an extraordinary happening believed to have actually
occurred. Five types of legends are given: the heroic/historical legends
about epic and culture heroes, historical personages, and persons with
extraordinary powers; the religious legends, recounting the miracles of
God and His saints; the legends narrating encounters with supernatural
beings (aswang, kapre, dwende, etc.); and the miscellaneous legends-
about sunken bells, buried treasure, etc.; and the legends of the name
of places.
2. Related Studies

Related studies, on the other hand, are

researches, inquiries or investigations
already conducted to which the proposed
study are related or has some bearing or
similarity. Related Studies come from the
modern technology such as internet and
other researches such as students’
graduate thesis or dissertations.
Sample: Oral Folk Literature of Aetas in Kati-Kati, San Miguel, Jordan,
Guimaras

Related Studies
The study of Socrates (2007) entitled “Myths and
Legends of Two Ethnic Tribes in Palawan,” aimed to look
into the existing myths and legends of the Pala'wans and
Tagbanuas with hopes to provide information to augment
and elucidate previous reports about them; to discuss the
practices exhibited in their daily lives as exemplified by
their myths and legends relative to nature and their
environment. Ethnographic research methods used were
Pakikipagkwentuhan, Participant-Observation, Interviews
and Expert's review. The literature included: A. On
Pala'wan literature: 1) The Legend of the Palay;
 Sample: Oral Folk Literature of Aetas in Kati-Kati, San Miguel, Jordan,
Guimaras

Continuation…
2) The Legend of Observing the Movements of
Stars in the Sky; 3) Bolawlaw; and 4) An Enchanted
Place. The myths and legends were then analyzed by
looking at the practices of the Tagbanuas and Pala'wans
in their daily living and their rituals particularly those
associated with rice growing. Rabucco (2000), in her
study “A Documentary Survey of the Philippine
Folklore: Toward Research Possibilities” indicated that
most of the Philippine Legends are etiological in nature
since these were expressed in the form of origin stories.
3. Summary

It is an important thing that you

summarize the important concepts you
have reviewed. This will provide your
readers a recap of the important
information or facts related to your study.
 Sample: Oral Folk Literature of Aetas in Kati-Kati, San Miguel,
Jordan, Guimaras

Summary
The vastness of the Philippine literature which has evolved side by side
along with the country’s history can be attributed to the rich oral folk literature
passed from the pre-colonial period, the Spanish Colonial Times, Post War
Times and the Contemporary Period (Domingo, 2013). Generally, the genres
of oral folk literature in the Philippines can be classified as poetry, fable, epic,
legends, and folklore.
Sampiano (2004) further indicated that the folk literature of the different
ethnic tribes carry a universal theme which depicts the belief of the olden
Filipino people. These themes revolved around love for family and love for
cultural beliefs. Results from the study of Parreño (2008) also stated that most
of the legends created were creation or origin legends.
In conclusion, the researcher notes that many Filipinos have conducted
ethno literary studies but only the researchers, and Amarante (2009) have
conducted ethno literary studies on Aetas in the Province of Guimaras.
 In a study conducted by Wallen(2013), it
revealed that the rising popularity of Korean
Culture throughout the world made a great
impact on the lives of the teenagers in today’s
generation with its teledramas, films,
popmusic and etc.

Pacho, as cited by Villanueva (2009) said that

teaching and learning mathematics is a complex
process.
 In-text Citation
In-text citation is one of the many ways to
give credit to ideas of other people. It requires
the writer to cite the details of the reference
used in a certain part of his/her essay.

The Three Types of In-text Citations:

1. Paraphrase
2. Short Quote - less than 40 words
3. Long Quote - more than 40 words
Paraphrasing
According to Waddington (2012), the Aeta
tribe is one of the most widespread ethnic
groups in the Philippines. (running text)

The Aeta tribe is one of the most widespread

ethnic groups in the Philippines (Waddington,
2012). (parenthetical citation)
o Original Text
“We come into the world with 100 billion neurons in place and
ten times as many support cells. Each child’s experiences are
unique-from within the womb and throughout the years of
maturation. Our brains grow at an astonishing rate-doubling in
size during the first two years and increasing by 400 per cent by
sixteen years of age.” (Sardar, Appegnanesi & Edney, 2007: 103)

o Paraphrased Text
A human baby already has 100 billion neurons at birth, along
with ten times as many other brain cells. By the second year of
life, its brain will have increased in size by a factor of two and
by a factor of four by age sixteen, acquiring along the way a
series of experiences which will be unique to that individual
(Sardar, Appegnanesi & Edney, 2007: 103).
oQuotation Guidelines
Use a reported speech for variation in lifting
information from other sources.

Sevilla (1992) says that a good research problem

does not carry ethical or moral impediments.

Wallen (2007) says that there are a large number

of terms that are used to describe the way
language is used in real situations.
Short Quotation
“Legends may simply be defined as an account of an
extraordinary happening believed to have actually occurred”
(Berk, 2007, p. 306).

Long Quotation
Lingren (1995) cited some interesting facts about peer relations.
These facts may help adults better understand the potential foundation
of some peer group behaviors during adolescence.
First, during adolescence, parents and their children are more
physically and psychologically distant from each other. This is a
normal process. Second, increases in family strains, such as
economic pressures and divorce, have prompted teenagers to
depend more on peers for emotional support. Third, parents and
adolescents are in distressed relationships characterized by
emotional coldness and frequent outbursts of anger/conflict.
Formats in Summarizing Academic Texts

1. Idea Heading Format

In this format, the summarized idea comes before the citation.
Example:
Benchmarking is a careful strategy that has the potential to
help public officials improve the performance of local services
(Folz, 2004; Ammons, 2001). Once the practice of a particular city
is benchmarked, it can be a guidepost and the basis for the other
counterparts to improve its own.
2. Author Heading Format
In this format, the summarized idea comes after the citation. The
author’s name/s is/are connected by an appropriate reporting verb.
Example:
The considerable number of users of FB has led to utilize FB for
communicating their students (Grant, 2008; as cited in Donmus, 2010). The
study of Kabilan, Ahmad, and Abidin (2010) shows that the students perceived
FB as an online environment to expedite language learning specifically English.
Donmus (2010) asserts that educational games on FB fecundate learning
process and make students’ learning environment more engaging. As regards
literacy, this notion reveals that FB could be used as a tool to aid individuals
execute a range of social acts through social literacy implementation (ibid).
Blackstone and Hardwood (2012) suggest the facilitative strength of FB as it
elicits greater engagement on collaboration among students.
3. Date Heading Format
In this format, the summarized idea comes after the date when
the material was published.
Example:
On the other hand, active participation of the citizens in
development contributes to a sound and reasonable government
decisions. In their 2004 study on the impact of participatory
development approach, Irvin and Stansbury argue that participation
can be valuable to the participants and the government in terms of
the process and outcomes of decision making.
 Sample Literature Review
Thesis Statement: Service-learning programs implemented
in American undergraduate universities since 2000 have not only
proven beneficial for the individuals or organizations being
served but also for the participating students by offering
opportunities for academic, emotional, and social growth.
Prior studies have identified many benefits for educational
institutions from service-learning programs. These benefits include
positive perceptions of the university by the community (Miron &
Moely, 2006), enhanced student retention rates (Eyler et al., 2001),
positive teaching and learning outcomes such as greater student
involvement and participation in class (Caruso et al., 2007), and
increased opportunities for meaningful research and scholarly
activities (Strand et al., 2002).
 Continuation…
In this study and related research, the individuals serving are university
students who are collaborating with the community partner. The studied
benefits to individuals serving include cultural awareness sharing (Crabtree,
2008), as well as networking opportunities and application of classroom
learning to real-world issues (Bowen et al., 2009). Ultimately, service-learning
stimulates student learning and engages students in their surrounding
communities. Service learning creates new goals for students such as personal
development, career development, moral development, academic
achievement, and “reflective civic participation” (Lamb et al., 1998). These
types of projects allow students to utilize material learned in the classroom to
improve societal conditions.
Integrating concepts and theories learned in the classroom with everyday
life makes students more capable of highlighting the importance of each
course. Additionally, material learned in business courses can be applied to
benefit the community through a variety of tangible services, such as
business planning or marketing new programs. Service learning is an excellent
way for students to apply their course lessons to real-world situations and
concurrently benefit the community.
Tips in Preparing Literature
Reviews
1. Which of the following is the minimum
number of words for in block citation?
A. 20
B. 40
C. 60
D. 100
2. Which of the following is an example of a
direct quotation from a work done by Felimon
(2014)?
A. “Art is not governed by rules.” (Felimon,
2014)
B. “Art is not governed by rules” (Felimon,
2014, p. 12).
C. Art is not governed by rules, Felimon
(2014).
3. Which of the following is the parenthetical
citation of the work written by Belinda Go in
2000?
A. (Belinda: 2000)
B. (Go: 2000)
C. (Go, B: 2000)
D. (Go, 2000)
4. Jean would like to cite the work of Walker,
Palma, Go, and Gil published in 2014. Which
of the following is the appropriate citation in
text after the first citation?
A. Walker, Palma, Go, & Gil (2014)
B. Walker, Palma, Go, and Gil (2014)
C. Walker, et. al. (2014)
D. Walker, et al. (2014)
Evaluation
Write a coherent review of related literature
based on the concepts and studies given in your
hand-outs. You can add concepts and studies
based on the availability of your resources. Write
your answer in a whole sheet of paper.
Be guided by the Rubric for Scoring.
*Students will be also encouraged to computerize their
output following the prescribed format.
• Margins should be set at 1.5 inches at the left side
and 1 inch at the top, bottom and right side.
• Use Tahoma font style, size 11.
• Statements should be double spaced.
• Paragraphs should be indented in five spaces (or
0.5 inch on tab button).
 References
• Prieto, N., Naval, V. & Carey, T. (2017). Practical research for
senior high school I. LORIMAR Publishing Inc.
• Department of Education (2016). Teacher’s Guide for
Practical Research I. Philippines. Lexicon
• Bueno, D. C. (2016). Practical qualitative research writing.
Quezon City. Great Books Trading
• Billones, R.O., et al. (2018). Qualitative Research. Manual for
Senior High School Practical Research 1, 91-104.
Thank you and I hope you have
learned something valuable today!