UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL

STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF LAW
BALLB
Subject Name: Political Science
Code- HPT-316
From: Dr. Priya Saroj(Prof.)

NGOS
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
 INTRODUCTION

• A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is

neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business.
• NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, schools,
businesses or private people.
• Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for
tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others may be
fronts for political, religious, or other interests.

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 HISTORY

• International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least

1839. It has been estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs.
• International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the
movement for women's suffrage.
• However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into popular use
with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions
in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter.
• According to the UN any kind of private organization that is independent from
government control can be termed as ‘NGO’.

• India is estimated to have around 3.3 million NGOs.

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 Alternative Terms

• Apart from "NGO", there are many alternative terms in use, including:

• 1.Third Sector Organization (TSO),

• 2.Non-profit Organization (NPO),

• 3.Voluntary Organization (VO),

• 4.Civil Society Organization (CSO),

• 5.Grassroots Organization (GO), and

• 6.Self-help Organization (SHO).

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 ACTIVITIES

Some are organized around specific issues:

• → Human rights
• → Environment
• → Health
• → Poverty eradication
• → Rehabilitation
• → Employment

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 Types of NGOs

• NGO type can be understood by orientation and level of Operation.

• A. NGO type by Orientation:

• Charitable orientation;
• Service orientation;
• Participatory orientation;
• Empowering orientation.

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• B. NGO type by Operation:
• Community- Based Organization;
• City Wide Organization;
• National NGOs;
• International NGOs.

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 NGO type by Orientation

A. 1. Charatiable orientation: It includes NGOs with activities directed toward

meeting the needs of the poor. Such NGOs may also undertake relief activities
during a natural or man made disaster.
E.g. Distribution of food, clothing or medicine; provision of housing, transport,
schools etc.
A. 2. Service orientation: It includes NGOs with activities such as the provision
of health, family planning or education services.

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 NGO type by Orientation:
• A. 3. Participatory orientation: It is characterized by self-help projects where
local people are involved particularly in the implementation of a project by
contributing Cash, tools, land, materials, labour etc.

A. 4. Empowering orientation: The aim is to help poor people develop a clearer

understanding of the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives.

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 NGO type by Operation

• B. 1. Community- Based Organization: Created by people’s own interest.

Main objective of these organizations is to help urban people and aware them to
understand their rights and provide required services.

These can include sports clubs, women's organizations, neighbourhood

organizations, religious or educational organizations.

• B. 2. City Wide Organization: They include various organizations related to

sports, education and association of community based organizations.

• For example chambers of commerce and industry, coalition of business,

educational group.
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 NGO type by Operation

B. 3. National NGOs: These are professional organizations. Function of these

NGOs is to support local NGOs.

It include organizations such as the Red Cross, LIONs Club professional

organizations etc.

B. 4. International NGOs: Main function of this NGOs is funding to local

NGOs, implementing various projects.

It range from secular agencies such as Save the Children organizations, CARE,
UNDP, and UNICEF, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations to religiously motivated
groups.
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 Activities under NGO

• 1. Grassroots development:
• It targets disadvantaged groups through small, locally based
projects.
• These projects usually involve training and education
programs to transfer skills and build the capacity and
confidence of local organisations and communities.
• This approach at its most successful allows the benefits of a
project to continue beyond the duration of the project itself.
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 2. Humanitarian/Emergency Relief.

• It focuses on relief in times of disaster such as earthquakes,

floods and cyclones.
• NGOs in this area aim to gain access to disaster zones as
quickly as possible to provide emergency health services and
food aid.

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 3. Advocacy

• It aims to draw public attention to an issue and influence

government policy either on behalf of, or alongside, a
particular community interest group.
• It can be approached through high level policy dialogues,
lobbying, or through grassroots and community campaigning.
• The level of involvement of affected communities differ with
each organisation.

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 4. Volunteer

• Programs run by NGOs facilitate sending volunteers

overseas to offer technical assistance, project support and
capacity building in a variety of sectors such as nursing,
education, engineering and agriculture.

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 Advantages of NGOs

• Ability to experiment freely.

• Flexible in adapting to local needs.
• Enjoy Good rapport with people.
• Ability to communicate at all levels.
• Ability to recruit experts and highly motivated staff.
• Less restrictions from the Government.

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 Structure

• Staffing
• Funding
• Overhead
• Monitoring and control.

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 Disadvantages of NGOs

• Lack of funds
• Lack of dedicated leadership
• Inadequate trained personnel
• Misuse of Funds
• Monopolization of leadership
• Lack of public participation
• Centralization in Urban Areas
• Lack of Coordination
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 Responsibilities of NGOs

•Act as a change agent

•Environment
•Safeguarding Human Rights
•Representatives of weaker sections.

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 Challenges to NGOs

• Need for honest and dedicated persons.

• Need for transparency to create confidence.
• A proper personnel policy
• Protect the interest of the people rather than members
• Transparent and easy to operate mechanism.

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 TOP 10 NGOs IN INDIA

1. Sight Savers
2. Child Rights and You
3. Give Foundation
4. GOONJ
5. Help Age India
6. K.C. Mahindra Education Trust ( Nanhi Kali)
7. LEPRA India.

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 Contd.,

8. Pratham Education Foundation.

9. Sammaan Foundation
10. Smile Foundation.

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 Assessment Pattern

MST-I MST-II ELEMENT-I ELEMENT-II ELEMENT-III ELEMENT-IV

(QUIZ) (SURPRISE TEST) (PRESENTATION) (ASSIGNMENT)

36 36 12 9 12 9

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 APPLICATIONS

• Students will have better understanding of the NGOs.

• Students will be acquainted with the function and significance of
‘NGOs’.

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 REFERENCES

Reference books
• Vakil, Anna (December 1997). "Confronting the classification problem: Toward a taxonomy of
NGOs". World Development. 25 (12): 2057–2070
• Lewis, David; Kanji, Nazneen (2009). Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. Oxon:
Routledge. pp. 12–13.
• Shivji, Issa G. (2007). Silence in NGO discourse: the role and future of NGOs in Africa. Oxford,
UK: Fahamu. p. 84.
• Bond, Michael. "The Backlash against NGOs." Prospect, April 2000, pp.321.
• https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2019/06/donate-for-blind-people-with-sightsavers-top-10-ngo/

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: sub. Political Science code-
hpt-316- [email protected]