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PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

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Quick Quiz
A A A
B B B
What does the Kinetic
Molecular Theory
explain?
 According to the
Kinetic Molecular
Theory, what are gases
composed of?
What is the assumption
about the motion of gas
molecules in the
Kinetic Molecular
Theory?
 Describe the relationship
between temperature and the
average kinetic energy of
gas molecules. does the
Kinetic Molecular Theory
explain?
 What is meant by the
term "ideal gas" in the
context of the Kinetic
Molecular Theory?
State one limitation of
the Kinetic Molecular
Theory.
 • Inflate the balloon to comfortable size, but do
Group not tie it.
• Assign each group one of the gas laws:

Activity
Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, or Gay-Lussac’s
Law
• Instruct each group to discuss and produce a
PREPARED BY: JENINA T.
hypothesis or prediction related to their
assigned gas law and how it might apply to
their balloon.
• They must think about the following
questions:
 Boyle’s Law: How does the volume of the
balloon change as the pressure inside it
changes?
Charles’s Law: How does the temperature
of the balloon affect its volume?
Gay-Lussac’s Law: What happens to the
pressure inside the balloon as its
temperature changes?

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 OBJECTIVES

Investigate the relationship

between volume, pressure and
temperature.
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 BOYLE’S
LAW
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 ROBERT BOYLE
1662: studied the relationship between the
VOLUME of a gas and its PRESSURE.

- Varied the pressure and noticed its effect on

the volume of the gas, without changing its
temperature.
- He noticed that the volume of the gas
decreased as the pressure exerted on it
increased = BOYLE’S LAW
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 BOYLE’S LAW
states that gas pressure and volume are
inversely proportional when temperature is
constant
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

REAL-LIFE
APPLICATIONS
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

RESPIRATIO
When the diaphragm contracts, the
N increases,
volume of the lungs
reducing air pressure inside the
lungs. This decrease in pressure
allows air from the higher-pressure
environment outside the body to
rush in, facilitating inhalation.
how changes in lung
Conversely, when the diaphragm
volume affect air pressure relaxes, the lung volume decreases,
and breathing increasing air pressure inside the
lungs, causing exhalation.
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TIRES
Gas molecules inside the tire
get compressed and packed
closer together. This
increases the pressure of the
gas, and it starts to push
against the walls of the tire.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

FISHES
By regulating the volume of
gas in their swim bladders,
fish can adjust their density
and float at different depths.
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This law is explained by the kinetic

molecular theory.

The pressure of gas depends on the

number of times per second that the
molecules strike the surface of the
container. If we compress the gas to a
smaller volume, the same number of
molecules are now acting against a
smaller surface area, so the number of
strikes per unit area, and thus the
pressure, is now greater.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Boyle’s Law can be expressed

mathematically as,
1
𝑃𝛼 at a constant
𝑉
temperature
The constant k is introduced to remove
proportionality sign. 1
𝑃=𝑘 = 𝑃𝑉 =𝑘
𝑉
k = constant
temperature
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

As per Boyle’s Law, any change in the volume occupied by a

gas
(at a constant quantity and temperature) will result in a
change in the pressure exerted by it.
P1 = initial pressure
𝑃 1 𝑉 1= 𝑃 2 𝑉 2 V1 = initial volume
P2 = final pressure
V2 = final volume
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PROBLEM 1:
A fixed amount of a gas occupies a volume of 1L
and exerts a pressure of 400 kPa on the walls of its
container. What would be the pressure exerted by
the gas if it is completely transferred into a new
container having a volume of 3 liters (assuming the
temperature and quantity of gas remains constant)?
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Given:
V1 = 1 L
P1 = 400 kPa = 40 000 Pa
V2 = 3 L
Unknown: P2 = ???
Formula: P1V1 = P2V2
P2 = 13 333.3 Pa

Final Answer:
Therefore, the gas exerts a pressure of 13 333 Pa on the walls of
the 3L container.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

PROBLEM 2:
Samantha has a balloon filled with air. The volume of the
balloon is 600 mL when she's holding it at sea level where
the pressure is 1 atmosphere (atm). If she takes the
balloon to an undisclosed location where the pressure is
unknown, and the volume of the balloon increases to 800
mL, what is the pressure at the undisclosed location,
assuming the temperature remains constant?
(1 atm = 101 325 Pa)
 CHARLES’S
LAW
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 JACQUES CHARLES
1787: discovered that the volume of a gas
varies directly with temperature

Absolute Temperature or Thermodynamic

Temperature - temperature that cannot
possibly go down any further, amount of heat
is measured with Kelvin = 0 K

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CHARLES’S LAW
states that the volume of an ideal gas is
directly proportional to the absolute
temperature at constant pressure.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

REAL-LIFE
APPLICATIONS
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

LPG TANK
LPG tanks are pressurized
containers, and the volume of
gas inside is affected by
temperature changes. When the
weather is hot, the LPG inside
the tank expands, leading to an
increase in pressure. This
expansion should be considered
to prevent overpressure
situations.
PREPARED BY: JENINA T.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Charles's law on the basis of the kinetic

theory of matter:​
Thus, when the temperature of a gas is
increased, the molecules would move
faster, and the molecules will strike the
unit area of the walls of the container
more frequently and vigorously. ​​
If the pressure is kept constant, the
volume increases proportionately. ​​
Hence, at constant pressure, the volume
of a given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to the temperature
(Charles's law)
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Charles’s Law can be expressed

mathematically as,
V at a constant pressure

The constant k is introduced to remove

proportionality sign. 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇 𝑡h𝑒𝑛 , 𝑘=
𝑇
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

If the same gas is brought to different temperatures, it will

give different volumes. Hence, the equation will become

T1 = initial
𝑉 1 𝑇 2=𝑉 2 𝑇 1 temperature
V1 = initial volume
T2 = final
temperature
V2 = final volume
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

PROBLEM 1:
Carbon dioxide is usually formed when gasoline is
burned. If 30.0 L of CO2 is produced at a
temperature of 1.00 x 10 °C and allowed to reach
3

room temperature (25.0 °C) without any pressure

changes, what is the new volume of the carbon
dioxide?
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PROBLEM 2:
An open "empty" 2 L plastic pop container, which
has an actual inside volume of 2.05 L, is removed
from a refrigerator at 5 °C and allowed to warm up
to 21 °C. What volume of air measured at 21 °C,
will leave the container as it warms?
 GAY-LUSSAC’S
LAW

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 JOSEPH GAY-LUSSAC
1808 - discovered the relationship between the
pressure of a gas and its absolute temperature

GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
states that the pressure of a given mass of
gas is directly proportional with the
absolute temperature of the gas, when the
volume is kept constant.
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 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

REAL-LIFE
APPLICATIONS
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

PRESSURE
COOKER
When the temperature inside the
pressure cooker increases due to
heat applied, the pressure also
increases. This is because the
molecules of air and steam
inside the pressure cooker gain
kinetic energy and collide more
frequently with the walls of the
cooker, exerting high pressure.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

When the temperature of a sample

of gas in a rigid container is
increased, the pressure of the gas
increases as well. The increase in
kinetic energy results in the
molecules of gas striking the walls
of the container with more force,
resulting in a greater pressure.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Gay-Lussac’s Law can be expressed

mathematically as,
P at a constant volume

The constant k is introduced to remove

proportionality sign.
P
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

If the same gas is brought to different temperatures, it will

give different volumes. Hence, the equation will become

T1 = initial
𝑃 1 𝑇 2= 𝑃 2 𝑇 1 temperature
P1 = initial pressure
T2 = final
temperature
P2 = final pressure
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

PROBLEM 1:
At a temperature of 300 K, the pressure of the gas
in a deodorant can is 3 atm. Calculate the pressure
of the gas when it is heated to 900 K.
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

PROBLEM 2:
If a gas is cooled from 323.0 K to 273.15 K and the
volume is kept constant, what final pressure would
result if the original pressure was 750.0 mmHg?
 Avogadro’s law

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 Avogadro’s law
• Discovered by Amedo Avogadro, of Avogadro's Hypothesis
fame.

Avogadro's law states that “equal

volumes of all gasses, at the same
temperature and pressure, have the
same number of molecules".

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 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Mathematically expressed as:

V=
kn 𝑛
𝑡h𝑒𝑛 , 𝑘=
𝑉

𝑉 1 𝑛 2=𝑉 2 𝑛 1
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Mathematically expressed as:

Moles (n) = SI unit for amount
of substance.
𝑉 1 𝑛 2=𝑉 2 𝑛 1
Expressed by the Avogadro’s
constant = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1
V=
volume
n = moles
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Sample problem
A balloon has been filled to a
volume of 1.90L with 0.0920 mol
At what temperature will 0.654 of helium gas. If 0.0210 mol of
moles of neon gas occupy 12.30 additional helium is added to the
liters at 1.95 atmospheres? balloon while the temperature
and pressure are held constant,
what is the new volume of the
A balloon? B
 Combined gas law

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 Combined gas law
• A combination of the three laws: Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Gay-
Lussac’s Law.

𝑃1𝑉 1 𝑃2 𝑉 2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

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 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Sample problem

2.00 L of a gas is collected at

25.0 °C and 745.0 mmHg.
What is the volume at STP?

A
 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Sample problem

A balloon is filled with helium gas at a

temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 1 atm. If
the balloon's volume is initially 2.0 L, what will
be its volume when it is taken to a location where
the temperature drops to 10°C and the pressure
decreases to 0.8 atm?
 IDEAL gas law

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 ideal gas law
• also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a
hypothetical ideal gas.

=R

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 ideal gas law

R = gas constant
PV = nRT R = 8.314 J/mol*K
R = 0.0821 atm L/
mol K

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 PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

Sample problem

Calculate the approximate

volume of a 0.400 mol
sample of gas at 11.0 °C
and a pressure of 2.43 atm.
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ½ CROSSWISE USING THE GUFSA METHOD.
MAKE SURE TO WRITE YOUR FINAL ANSWER IN SENTENCE FORM.

1. Two containers of identical volume are connected by a tube with a stopper to prevent
gasses inside the tanks from mixing with each other. Container A has a pressure of
2.00 atm and a volume of 10.0 L while container B has a pressure of 4.00 atm and a
volume of 10.0 L. Both containers have an initial temperature of 27.0 °C and were then
heated to 127 °C. Upon reaching 127 °C, the stopper was released. What is the new
pressure in both containers after the stopper was released?
2. At conditions of 785.0 torr of pressure and 15.0 °C temperature, a gas occupies a
volume of 45.5 mL. What will be the volume of the same gas at 745.0 torr and 30.0 °C?
3. How many moles of gas are contained in a 50.0 L cylinder at a pressure of 100.0 atm
and a temperature of 35.0 °C? If the gas weighs 79.14 g, what is its molecular weight?

PREPARED BY: JENINA T.

PREPARED BY: JENINA T.