GRACE ACADEMY NASIRABAAD

ANALATICAL CHEMISTRY

SIR ZAIN DEPAR

CLSS 10TH
CHAPTER NO 14
 Spectroscopy
• The study of the absorption and emission of
light and other radiation by matter.
• It involves the splitting of light (or more
precisely electromagnetic radiation) into its
constituent wavelengths (a spectrum), which
is done in much the same way as a prism splits
light into a rainbow of colours.
Type of interaction between light and material

• Absorption spectroscopy
• Emission spectroscopy
• Elastic scattering
• reflection spectroscopy
• Impedance spectroscopy
• Inelastic scattering
• Coherent or resonance spectroscopy
 Types of Spectroscopy:
• Acoustic resonance
• Time-resolved
• Photoemission
• X-ray photoelectron
• Circular Dichroism
• IR Spectroscopy (Infrared spectroscopy)
• Raman spectroscopy
 Infrared Spectroscopy:

• The type of spectroscopy which deals with the

infrared region of the electromagnetic
spectrum is Infrared Spectroscopy.
• The rays of the infrared region have a longer
wavelength and have a lower frequency than
light. Infrared spectroscopy is based on
absorption spectroscopy.
 Raman Spectroscopy:
• Raman Spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which is used to
analyse vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a
system.
• Raman’s spectroscopy is commonly used in the branch of chemistry
to provide a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified.
• As the name suggests, this phenomenon is named after Sir C. V.
Raman.
• This phenomenon relies on inelastic scattering of monochromatic
light which is also known as Raman scattering.
• The energy of the laser photons shifts up & down due to the
interaction of the light with the molecules or phonons of an object.
• This up down shift of laser photons forms the vibrational modes of
an object or system.
 What is Spectrometer
• A scientific instrument that is mainly used to analyse the wavelength of
electromagnetic radiations by measuring and separating the spectral components
based on their physical phenomenon is known as a spectrometer.
• The spectrometer is commonly used for molecular spectroscopy. The spectrometer
mainly consists of radiation source and detection and analysis equipment.
• The emission spectrometers are used to excite molecules of a sample to higher
energy states and analyze the radiation emitted while molecules return to their
original energy state.
• Usually, the absorption spectrometers will pass the radiations of known
wavelengths. So, it is possible to determine the changes in the radiation
wavelength.
• The process of Fourier-transform spectrometers are similar to the absorption
spectrometers, but they are using broadband radiations and the computer will
analyze the output.
• Mass spectrometers are mainly used for analysing the atomic or molecular
components in a sample based on their masses
 What is Spectroscope
• An instrument that is used for measuring the
properties of light in a certain portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum is known as a
spectroscope.
• Spectroscope is also known as optical spectroscope,
spectrophotometer or spectrograph.
• Usually, the spectrometer present in the
spectroscope will produce spectral lines and help
them to measure wavelengths and intensities of
light.
 IR Spectroscopy

• Infrared spectroscopy will mainly deal with the

electromagnetic spectrum lying in the infrared region.
• They mainly work on absorption spectroscopy. IR
spectroscopy is mainly used for identifying the
chemical composition of the material.
• Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers
mainly use IR spectroscopy techniques.
• The electromagnetic spectrum of infrared is mainly
classified into three types namely, near-infrared, far-
infrared and mid-infrared.
 IR Spectroscopy
• The near-infrared ranges between 14000-4000 cm-
1
, which will help to study overtone or harmonic
vibrations.
• The mid-infrared ranges from 4000-400 cm-1, which
will help to study the fundamental vibrations and
associated rotational-vibrational structure.
• The mid-infrared ranges from 400-10 cm-1, which
will help to study microwave regions that have low
energy and may be used for rotational
spectroscopy.
 UV Spectroscopy

• Ultraviolet spectroscopy is also known as

absorption spectroscopy or reflectance
spectroscopy.
• The electromagnetic spectrum of the
ultraviolet region lies adjacent to the infrared
region.
• UV spectroscopy is mainly used for bacteria
culture, drug identification and to check
nucleic acid purity.
 Mass Spectroscopy

• Mass spectroscopy is mainly useful for studying the

protein-protein interaction.
• So, Mass spectroscopy can be used for identifying
biomolecules or proteins present in biological
samples.
• The detector of these mass spectroscopy will
analyse the substance based on mass and charge
ratio.
• Here, ion deflection is mainly based on mass,
velocity and charge.
 Raman Spectroscopy

• Usually, Raman spectroscopy works based on the absorption of

photons.
• The Raman spectroscopy will analyze the material based on the
scattering of photons at a higher or lower frequency. While
photons incident the molecules or atoms, they may either gain
energy or lose energy based on the vibration or rotation of the
molecules.
• If most of the incident photons get scattered by the sample without
the changes in frequency, then the scattering process is known as
Rayleigh scattering.
• Usually, the Raman spectra will be the monochromatic visible laser.
• The scanning optical monochromator with a phototube is used as a
detector for analysing the radiation.
 Fluorescence Spectroscopy

• Fluorescence Spectroscopy is one of the important types of

electromagnetic spectroscopy.
• They are mainly used for the fluorescence of a sample. Usually,
UV lights are used in fluorescence spectroscopy.
• Fluorescence spectroscopy is mainly used for analysing organic
components in biochemical, medical, and chemical research
fields.
• By using microfluorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy can be
adopted for the microscopic level.
• By using the Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS)
techniques, we can find the compound present in air or water,
or other media.
 FTIR Spectroscopy

• FTIR Spectroscopy is also known as Fourier-

transform infrared spectroscopy.
• This technique is obtained by an infrared
spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid,
liquid or gas.
• FTIR spectroscopy is widely used for analysing
nano and biological materials, water content
determination in plastics and compositions,
detectors in chromatography...etc
 Application of Spectroscopy
• Spectroscopy is mainly used for studying the structure of molecules
and atoms. Spectroscopy will use a large wavelength to investigate
the structure and electron configurations of atoms and molecules.
• Spectroscopy can also be used for finding the unknown chemical
composition of materials. Spectroscopy’s emission spectrum will help
to concentrate on a few parts per million of a trace element in a
material.
• The study of the spectral emission lines will help astronomers to study
distant galaxies. This will help to analyse the universe in all directions.
Astronomers will also use the doppler shift of spectral lines for
observations. Usually, a doppler shift will occur when the source of
radiation like stars, nebula moves relative to an observer.
Examples of Spectroscopy Applications
• Monitoring diffused oxygen content in freshwater and
aquatic ecosystems.
• Determining the atomic structure of a sample.
• Determining the metabolic structure of a muscle.
• Studying spectral emission lines of distant galaxies.
• Altering the structure of drugs to improve the
effectiveness.
• Space exploration
• Characterization of proteins
• Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals