Emerging and Re-
emerging Diseases
Presented by-
Fahim Aktar Choudhury
Kaustav Jyoti Saloi
Sagarika Saikia
• Introduction
• Modern medical discoveries - Remarkable
progress in the prevention, control and even
eradication of infectious diseases
• Improved hygiene and development of
antimicrobials and vaccines.
• The theme of the World Health Day-1997
"Emerging Infectious Diseases - Global Alert:
Global Response
Historical Perspectives
• The BLACK DEATH (1348-50): The
most devastating pandemics in
human history
• Plague had eliminated as much as a
third of the European population!!!
• 1520-21: Smallpox microbes carried
by explorers were responsible for
10-15 million deaths in effectively
ending Aztec civilization.
• > Other Amerindian and Pacific
civilizations were destroyed by
imported small pox and measles.
Historical perspectives
• ▸ The eradication of smallpox
• ▸ Improved sanitation, clean water and
better living conditions along with
vaccines and antimicrobial agents
changed the world
Definition
• EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(EID's):
• ▸ Diseases of infectious origin
whose incidence in humans has
increased within the recent past or
threatens to increase in the near
future.
• Infectious diseases whose incidence in
humans has increased in the past 2
decades or threatens to increase in the
near future have been defined as
"Emerging Diseases"
• The term also refers to newly-
appearing infectious diseases, or
diseases that are spreading to
new geographical areas. (Ex:
Cholera in South America and
yellow fever in Kenya.)
• Definition
• RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (RID's):
• ▸ Infectious agents that have been known for
some time, had fallen to such low levels that
they were no longer considered public
health problems & are now showing upward
trends in incidence or prevalence worldwide
• Old disease - New problem
•New diseases
emerge
•And old diseases
Re-emerge
Driving forces to emerge
Epidemiological Triad of
Diseases
Factors Contributing To
Emergence
• THE AGENT "What"
• -The agent is the cause of the disease
• • Evolution of pathogenic infectious
agents
• (microbial adaptation & change)
• • Mutations
• Development of resistance to digs
• Resistance of vectors to pesticides
Host "Who"
• Hosts are organisms, usually human
or timals. which are exposed to and
harbour a dear The host can be the
organism thai gets sick, as well as
any animal camed (including insects
and worms) that may or may not
get sick.
• Human demographic change
(inhabiting newareas)- increase
contact with animals and natural
environment
• Human behaviour (sexual & drug
use-sharing needles, drug abuse.
body piercing)
• Human susceptibility to infection
(Immunosuppression)- stress and lifestyle changes
• Nutritional changes, more useof pesticides
• Poverty & social inequality
• Wars, civil unrest
• food and housing shortages, increased density of
living etc.
• 2019- COVID 19
• 2021- Pox
