UNIGLOBE SECONDARY SCHOOL

Kamaladi Ganesthan, Kathmandu

LAB REPORT 1:Microsoft PowerPoint

Submitted by
(COMPUTER SCIENCE)
Name: Jayanti Neupane Submitted to
Grade: XI Science
Date:30th September Mr Naarvin Gurung
 Number systems
A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It is the
mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other
symbols in a consistent manner. It provides a unique representation of every number
and represents the arithmetic and algebraic structure of the figures. It also allows us to
operate arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
The base 2 number system is also known as the Binary number system wherein, only two binary digits exist, i.e.,
0 and 1. Specifically, the usual base-2 is a radix of 2. The figures described under this system are known as binary
numbers which are the combination of 0 and 1. For example, 110101 is a binary number. For eg

Write (14)10 as a binary number.

∴ (14)10 = 11102
 Decimal Number System (Base 10 Number System)
The decimal number system has a base of 10 because it uses ten digits from 0 to 9. In the decimal number system, the
positions successive to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. This system is
expressed in decimal numbers. Every position shows a particular power of the base (10).

Example of Decimal Number System:

The decimal number 1457 consists of the digit 7 in the units position, 5 in the tens place, 4 in the hundreds
position, and 1 in the thousands place whose value can be written as:
(1×103) + (4×102) + (5×101) + (7×100)

=(1×1000) + (4×100) + (5×10) + (7×1)

=1000 + 400 + 50 + 7

+1457
 Octal Number System (Base 8 Number System)
In the octal number system the base is 8 and it uses numbers from 0 to 7 to represent numbers. Octal numbers are commonly used
in computer applications. Converting an octal number to decimal is the same as decimal conversion and is explained below using
an example

Example: Convert 2158 into decimal.

Solution:
2158 = 2 × 82 + 1 × 81 + 5 × 80

= 2 × 64 + 1 × 8 + 5 × 1

= 128 + 8 + 5

= 14110
 Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16 Number System)

In the hexadecimal system, numbers are written or represented with base 16. In the hexadecimal system, the
numbers are first represented just like in the decimal system, i.e. from 0 to 9. Then, the numbers are
represented using the alphabet from A to F. The below-given table shows the representation of numbers in
the hexadecimal number system.

For eg:
Convert hexadecimal 2C to decimal number.
Solution:
We need to convert 2C16 into binary numbers first.
2C → 00101100
Now convert 001011002 into a decimal number.
101100 = 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 32 + 8 + 4
= 44
 Generations of computer.
The development in different electronic components, precise engineering and hi-tech technology has change the
operation of computer drastically. Earlier computer were only used for specific purpose such as counting and
performing basic mathematical operation. Later on, due to the necessity and requirement of user different general
purpose computer were developed. Therefore, the classification of computer on the basis of major electronic
component, their architecture and modes of operation is known as generations of computer. Five different
generations of computer are listed below along with their distinct features.
 FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER (1946-1958 )

•They used vacuum tubes as their basic electronic components

used to control and amplify electronic signals.
•They were big in size, consume more electricity and generate
large amount of heat thus required air conditioning system to
keep device cool.
•They were unreliable and were prone to frequent hardware
failure.
•They were normally not used for commercial purpose.
•Machine level language was used to program these computers.
eg: ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC
 SECOND GENERATIONS COMPUTER (1959-1964 )

•They used transistors as their basic electronic components.

•They were small in size as compared to first generation thus consume
less electricity and generate less heat.
•They were less prone to hardware failure thus more reliable.
•They were not also for commercial purpose because production was
difficult and costly.
•Assembly language were used to program these computers.
eg: IBM 7000, IBM 1401, IBM 1620, NCR 304, MARK III, ATLAS
 THIRD GENERATIONS COMPUTER ( 1965-1974 )

•They used Integrated Circuits (IC) as their basic electronic components.

•They were smaller in size, consume less electricity and generate less
amount of heat.
•They were faster and more reliable compared to first and second
generations.
•They were widely used for the commercial application all over the world.
•High level language were used to program these computers.
eg: PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900 series, IBM 360, IBM 37
 FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1975-1990)

•They use VLSI ( Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits ) as their main electronic
components.
•There size were drastically reduced and hence were they were much more
portable.
•They were faster in processing and were much more reliable.
•They have larger memory up to GB and TB.
•They use different advance high level language to program this computer.
eg: Apple Macintosh, IBM PC
 FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1990-ONWARDS)

•They use ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit) or

Microprocessor as their major electronic components.
•They have or will have artificial intelligence.
•They have tremendously high processing unit due to
parallel processing.
•They are capable of image processing, speech or voice
recognition.
•They use different high level language to program this
computer.