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C-3-Nonmonotonic Reasoning

The document discusses different types of reasoning including monotonic reasoning, non-monotonic reasoning, fuzzy reasoning, temporal reasoning, symbolic reasoning, and statistical reasoning. Monotonic reasoning conclusions remain true under all circumstances while non-monotonic reasoning allows conclusions to be removed by new facts. Fuzzy reasoning specifies how well objects satisfy unclear descriptions using degrees from 0 to 1. Temporal reasoning uses concepts like past, present, and future. Symbolic reasoning relies on symbols rather than math. Statistical reasoning is based on data, graphs, and representations of uncertainty.

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C-3-Nonmonotonic Reasoning

The document discusses different types of reasoning including monotonic reasoning, non-monotonic reasoning, fuzzy reasoning, temporal reasoning, symbolic reasoning, and statistical reasoning. Monotonic reasoning conclusions remain true under all circumstances while non-monotonic reasoning allows conclusions to be removed by new facts. Fuzzy reasoning specifies how well objects satisfy unclear descriptions using degrees from 0 to 1. Temporal reasoning uses concepts like past, present, and future. Symbolic reasoning relies on symbols rather than math. Statistical reasoning is based on data, graphs, and representations of uncertainty.

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Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Monotonic Reasoning
When facts and rules helps to infer new information through logical
reasoning.
When some conclusion is drawn as true, it remains true under all
circumstances e.g.:- Proving mathematical theorems etc.

Non-monotonic Reasoning
When new facts contradict the earlier ones and remove the same fact
from the database. This type of reasoning is called non-monotonic
reasoning.
Example:- if a patient has symptoms of vomiting, as per general belief the
it is due to food-poisoning but after investigation it is found that the
disease actually is Diarrhea.
Fuzzy Reasoning

Fuzzy set theory is a means of specifying how well an object satisfies a


unclear description. E.g.
This building is very beautiful.
 Fuzzy:- How much beautiful?

He is a fat boy.
 Fuzzy:- How much fat?

Fuzzy systems allow the degree of belonging to vary between


0 and 1.
Fuzzy if – then rules
General Format
 . If x is A then y is B

 Examples:
 If the road is slippery, then driving is dangerous.
 If speed is high, then apply the brakes a little.
Temporal Reasoning

Temporal logics use modal operators in relation to concepts


of time, such as past, present, future, sometimes, always etc.
Spatial/Temporal Reasoning:-
Humans give reason about space and time through both
quantitative and qualitative assertions (belief) and
relationship.
 That object is closer to me.
 That event occurred a long time ago.
 That event happened 6 minutes and 30 seconds ago.
Humans use these assertions to make decisions in their
environment.
Symbolic Reasoning

Symbolic reasoning relies on symbols rather than


mathematical equations.
Example:- in prolog , “IF” represents as “:-”
in English “THAT IS” represent as:- “i.e.”
Statistical Reasoning

When reasoning is totally based on statistical ideas.


Interpretations are totally based on data, graphical representations etc.
Types of Statistical Reasoning
 Reasoning about data:- recognizing or categorization data as quantitative
or qualitative, discrete or continuous.
 Reasoning about representation of data:- Understanding the way in
which a plot is meant to represent a sample, understanding how graphs
may be modified to better represent a data set.
 Reasoning about uncertainty:- correctly using ideas of randomness,
chance and likelihood to make judgments about uncertain events.

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