PHY 210

CHAPTER 5:
Thermal Physics
ZAIDATUL SALWA MAHMUD
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS TAPAH
019 645 7800/ 05 406 7388
[email protected]

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 Lecture Outline
5.1 Thermometers and temperature scale
5.2 Distinction between temperature and heat
5.3 States of matter
5.4 Thermometry, specific heat
5.5 Change of phase, latent heat
5.6 Heat transfer and thermal conduction

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 Atomic Theory of Matter
Atomic and molecular masses are measured in unified
atomic mass units (u).
This unit is defined so that the carbon-12 atom has a
mass of exactly 12.0000 u. Expressed in kilograms:

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Atomic and molecular = mass of the substance
masses (atomic mass of the substance x 1 u)

Example:

How many atoms are there in 2.5 kg Titanium?

Solution:
Take the atomic mass of Ti to be 22. So,

2.5kg
NTi 
22(1.6605 x10  27 )kg / atom
 6.844
atoms of Ti
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• Brownian motion is the jittery motion of tiny
flecks in water; these are the result of
collisions with individual water molecules.

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On a microscopic scale, the arrangements of molecules
in solids (a), liquids (b), and gases (c) are quite different.

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 4.1 Thermometer and Temperature Scale

Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.

Many properties of matter change with temperature.
Most materials expand when heated.

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 Temperature, T
• Definition:
Temperature is defined as a fundamental quantity that
measures the degree of hotness of a body.
• Units:
degree celcius (centigrade) (C) or
degree fahrenheit (F) or
kelvin (K)
• It is a scalar quantity
• Symbol: .

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Conversion of units of temperature
 
F C 5

TC  TF  32
9

  9
C F TF  TC  32
5

C K TK  TC  273.15

TC : temperature in degree celsius (centigrade)

TF : temperature in degree fahrenheit
TK : temperature in kelvin
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 • Instrument to measure temperature:
Thermometer

The freezing point of water is 0°C, or 32°F;

The boiling point of water is 100°C, or 212°F

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Problem:
1. A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6
0
F. What would this reading be on the Celcius
scale?
TC 
5
9
T F  32 
=
= 37ºC
2. A time and temperature sign on bank that the
outdoor temperature is -200C. Find corresponding
temperature on the Fahrenheit scale.

Answer = -4 0 F.
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Hot substance
+ Cold substance

=
Thermal energy
is transferred
from the hot
substance to the
cold substance

Thermal equlibrium
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 Thermal Equilibrium

Is when two bodies reach the same

temperature

• Thermal Energy Transfer makes things

that were previously cold become hot,
and things that were previously hot
become cold

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Amount of Amount of
thermal thermal
energy of = energy of
colder object hotter object
gains loses

When two objects with different initial

temperatures reach thermal equilibrium,
their final temperatures will be the same
(reached thermal equilibrium)

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 Heat (Q)
• Definition:
“Heat is the energy that is transferred from
one body to another because of a
difference in temperature.”
• is a scalar quantity.
• Unit: Joule (J) or
Calorie (cal)

• Symbol: Q
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 Heat Transfer
Heat always transferred from a
hot region (higher temperature) to a
cool region (lower temperature)
until thermal equilibrium is achieved.

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4.2 Distinction between temperature (T)
and heat (Q)

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 ure he a t ( Q ) ? ?
How to meas
The amount of heat
required to change the
temperature of a
material is proportional
to the mass and to the
temperature change.
Where: Q = heat,
m = mass,

c = specific heat (J/kg . C0),

ΔT = temperature change.

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 Specific Heat (c)

• Definition: the amount of

heat needed to raise 1 kg
of mass by 1ºC.
• The specific heat, c, is
characteristic of the
material.
• Unit: J/kg . C0
• Some values of c for
various materials are listed
in Table 14-1.

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Example :
a) How much heat input is needed to raise the
temperature of an empty 20 kg vat made of iron from
10 ºC to 90 ºC?
b) What if the vat is filled with 20 kg of water?

Answer:
a) Q = 720 kJ

b) Q = 6999 kJ

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Specific heats of gases are generally measured at constant
pressure (cP) or constant volume (cV).
Some sample values:

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 Calorimetry
• Is a technique for measuring specific heat involves heating a
material, adding it to a sample of water, and recording the
final temperature.
• A calorimeter is a device in which the energy transfer takes
place.
 Closed system:
 no mass enters or leaves, but energy may be exchanged with the
environments.
 Open system:
 mass may transfer as well
 Isolated system:
 closed system where no energy in any form is transferred.
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Another type of calorimeter is called a bomb calorimeter;
it measures the thermal energy released when a
substance burns.

This is the way the Caloric content of foods is measured.

1 cal is the amount of
heat necessary to
raise the
temperature of 1 g
of water by 1 Celsius
degree.

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bomb calorimeter PHY210
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 For an isolated system,

Amount of Amount of
thermal energy thermal energy
(Q) of colder = (Q) of hotter
object gains object loses

Qloss = Qgain
𝑄 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 =𝑚𝑐 (𝑇 𝑖 − 𝑇 𝑓 )
𝑄 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛=𝑚𝑐 (𝑇 𝑓 − 𝑇 𝑖 )
So, 𝒎𝒄 ( 𝑻 𝒊 −𝑻 𝒇 ) =𝒎𝒄 ( 𝑻 𝒇 − 𝑻 𝒊 )
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 Practice:
If 200 cm3 of tea at 95 0C is poured into a 150 g glass cup initially at 25 0C
(Figure), what will be the common final temperature, T of the tea and cup
when equilibrium is reached, assuming no heat flows to the
surroundings?
(ρtea = 1.0 x 103 kg/m3, Ccup = 840 J/kg.C0 for glass, Ctea= 4186).

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Answer:

From volume of tea, find its mass.

m = ρv = (1.0 x 103 kg/m3)(200 x 10-6 m3) = 0.20 kg

Heat lost by tea = heat gained by cup

mtea Ctea (95 0C – T ) = mcup Ccup ( T - 25 0C)

T = 86 0C.

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Phase Changes

•A phase change is when a substance changes

from one form to another.
– Two common phase changes are
• Solid to liquid (melting)
• Liquid to gas (boiling)
•During a phase change, there is no change in
temperature of the substance. e t he heat i
s
e s at
becau break/ cre
to
used ds of the
n
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 Latent Heat
The total heat required for a phase change
depends on the total mass and the latent heat:

Where:
m = total mass
L = latent heat

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Heat of fusion, LF = heat required to change 1.0 kg of
material from solid to liquid.
Heat of vaporization, LV = heat required to change 1.0 kg of
material from liquid to vapor.

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LATENT HEAT
Energy is required for a material to change phase, even
though its temperature is not changing.

phase change

phase
change

Graph of Ice to Steam

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Look at the graph step by step shall we??

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 Warming Ice, Graph Part A
•Start with one gram of ice at –
30.0ºC.
•During phase A, the
temperature of the ice
changes from –30.0ºC to 0ºC.
•Use Q = mi ci ΔT

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 Melting Ice, Graph Part B

•Once at 0ºC, the phase

change (melting) starts.
•The temperature stays
the same although
energy is still being
added.
•Use Q = Lf Δmw = Lf mi

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 Warming Water, Graph Part C
•Between 0ºC and
100ºC, the material is
liquid and no phase
changes take place.
•Energy added
increases the
temperature.
•Use Q = mwcw ΔT
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 Boiling Water, Graph Part D

•At 100ºC, a phase change

occurs (boiling).
•Temperature does not
change.
•Use Q = Lv Δms = Lv mw

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 Heating Steam, Graph Part E
•After all the water is
converted to steam, the steam
will heat up.
•No phase change occurs.
•The added energy goes to
increasing the temperature.
•Use Q = mscs ΔT
– In this case, 40.2 J are
needed.
– The temperature is
increasing from 100o C to
120o C.
– The total is now 3110 J.
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Values for the heats of fusion and vaporization also
called the LATENT HEAT, L and also refer as amount
of heat RELEASED by a substances when it changes
from gas to liquid or from liquid to a solid.

The total heat required for a phase change depends on

the total mass and the latent heat:

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The latent heat of vaporization is relevant for
evaporation as well as boiling.

On a molecular level, the heat added during a change

of state does not go to increasing the kinetic energy of
individual molecules, but rather to break the close
bonds between them so the next phase can occur.

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 PRACTICE:
 How much energy does a freezer have to remove from 1.5
kg of water at 20 0C to make ice at -12 0C?

ANSWER (HINT):
Calculate the total energy removed by adding the heat
outflow.
1) To reduce the water from 20 0C to 0 0C,(126kJ)
2) To change it to ice at 0 0C,(500kJ)
3) To lower the ice from 0 0C to -12 0C. (37800J)
So, the heat that needs to be removed from the 1.5 kg of
water is 6.64 x 105 J

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 Tutorial
1. How much heat is required to raise the temperature
of 250 mL of water from 25ºC to 55ºC. How much
heat is lost by the water as it cools down to 30ºC.
Ans: 31.5 kJ, -26.25 kJ
2. A certain amount of heat is added to a mass of
aluminum (c = 900 J/kg K), and its temperature is
raise 50ºC. Suppose that the same amount of heat is
added to the same mass of copper (c = 390 J/kg K),
how much does the temperature of the copper raise?
Ans: 115.4ºC
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 Tutorial
3. How much heat energy is required to vaporize a 1 g
ice cube at 0ºC. The heat of fusion of ice is 3.36 x
105 J/kg. The heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 x
106 J/kg.

Ans: 3.02 kJ

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Problem Solving: Calorimetry
1. Is the system isolated? Are all significant sources of energy
transfer known or calculable?
2. Apply conservation of energy.
3. If no phase changes occur, the heat transferred will depend
on the mass, specific heat, and temperature change.
4. If there are, or may be, phase changes, terms that depend
on the mass and the latent heat may also be present.
Determine or estimate what phase the final system will be
in.

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5. Make sure that each term is in the right place and that
all the temperature changes are positive.
6. There is only one final temperature when the system
reaches equilibrium.
7. Solve.

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 Tutorial
1. A 180 g copper calorimeter contains 150 g of
oil at 25ºC. The oil is added 100 g of
aluminum at 250ºC. What will be the
temperature of the system after equilibrium
is established?
caluminum = 900 J/kg K , ccopper = 390 J/kg K , coil =
1550 J/kg K
Ans: 76.6ºC

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 Heat Transfer
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer In Thermal Processes:
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation

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 Heat Transfer: Conduction
Heat conduction can be visualized as occurring
through molecular collisions.
The heat flow per unit time is given by:

with A = cross-sectional area of the object,

l = distance between the two ends,
k = thermal conductivity.
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Heat flow through a uniform cylinder.

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The constant k is called the thermal conductivity.
Materials with large k are called conductors; those
with small k are called insulators.

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Thermal properties of building materials are measured
using R−values rather than thermal conductivity:

Here, R= thermal resistance, l = the thickness of

the material.

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Example:
A major source of heat loss from a house is through the
windows. Calculate the rate of heat flow through a glass
window 2.0 m x 1.5 m in area and 3.2 mm thick, if the
temperature at the inner and outer surfaces are 15.0 0C
and 14.0 0C.
Ans: 787.5 J/s
Answer:
Rate of the heat flow,

= 787.5 J/s

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 Tutorial
1. A heat rate of 3 kW is conducted through a
section of an insulating material of cross
sectional area 100 m2 and thickness 2.5 cm.
If the inner (hot) surface temperature is
415oC and the thermal conductivity of the
material is 0.2 W/mK, what is the outer
surface temperature?
Ans: 377.5oC

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 End of Chapter 5

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