RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER
Salwa Hassan Teama
CONTENTS
Cancer
Cancer as a Genetic Disease
Risk Factor
Risk Factors For Cancer
Cancer as a Global Health Problem
Avoidable Cancer Risk
Cancer
Cancer is not a single disease but rather a name applied
to a great variety of malignant tumor that are formed by
the same basic process of uncontrolled growth.
Cancer is one of the most common and severe problem
of clinical medicine.
Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in
developing countries for the first time, matching its effect
in industrialized nations. This is a global problem.
TUMOR
Benign Tumors
Self-limited in their growth.
Do not invade or metastasize (although some
benign tumor types are capable of becoming
malignant).
Malignant Neoplasm or Tumors (Cancer)
Group of cells display
Excessive growth and division without respect
to normal limit,
Invasive, invade and destroy adjacent tissues,
and sometime,
Distant metastasis spread to other locations in
the body.
Source: National Cancer Institute
Cancer
Cancer may affect people at all ages, even
fetuses but risk for the more common varieties
tends to increase with age.
Early diagnosis and early treatment are vital,
and identification of persons at increased risk
of cancer before its development is an
important objective of cancer research.
Microscopic Appearance of Cancer Cells
Source: National Cancer Institute
CANCER METASTASIS
Etiology
The etiology of cancer is multifactorial, with
genetic, environmental, medical, and lifestyle
factors interacting to produce a given
malignancy.
Most cancer is caused by genetic mutations
often, by a series of mutations.
:Abnormalities in the genetic material due to
Error in DNA replication (randomly acquired).
Effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke,
radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents.
Inheritance, and thus present in all cells from
birth.
Cancer as a Genetic Disease
Source: National Cancer Institute
Series Mutation can Lead to Cancer
Source: http://p53.free.fr/p53_info/p53_cancer.hl
Risk Factor
A risk factor is anything that increases a
person's chance of getting a disease.
Some risk factors can be changed, and others
cannot.
Different cancers have different risk factors
Risk Factors
Old age
Unhealthy lifestyle (Western lifestyle), Poor diet,
lack of physical activity, or being overweight.
Environmental factors, defined broadly to include
tobacco use, diet, sunlight and infectious diseases.
Occupational carcinogens
Radiation
Family history of cancer (Genetic susceptibility)
Alcohol
Chemicals and other substance
Risk Factors of Cancer
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type
Risk Factor Cancer Type
Tobacco smoke Lung Cancer
Radon
Asbestos and other substances
Air pollution
Radiation Breast
Genetic changes (Inherited mutation)
Cancer polyp Colorectal
Genetic alteration
Diet
Cigarette smoking
Ulcerative colitis or chon's disease
Diet Prostate
Certain prostate changes
Race Africans Americans
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type
Risk Factor Cancer Type
Hepatitis viruses (HCV.HBV) Liver
Smoking Pancreas
Diabetes
Being male
Chronic pancreatitis
Tobacco smoking Kidney
High blood pressure
Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL)
Radiation Leukemia
Chemotherapy
Certain disease (Down syndrome)
Human T cell leukemia virus
Myelodysplatic syndrome
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type
Risk Factor Cancer Type
Occupation Bladder
Certain infection
Tobacco smoking
Race Twice as often as Africans Americans
Treatment with cyclophosphamide or arsenic
Endometrial hyperplasia Uterine
Race Africans Americans
Hormonal replacement therapy
Obesity
Dysplastic nevi Melanoma
Fai skin
Weakened immune system
Sever blistering/Sunburn
UV irradiation
Source:http://ishwaryatechnosolutions.com/cancer.aspx
Certain viruses or bacteria may increase the risk of developing cancer
Cancer Microorganism
Cervical cancer Human papilloma virus
Stomach cancer Helicobacter pylori
Liver cancer Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses
Lymphoma and leukemia Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus
Lymphoma and a rare cancer called Human immunodeficiency virus
Kaposi's sarcoma
Lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus
Kaposi's sarcoma Human herpes virus 8
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
Cancer as a Global Health Problem
In the year 2000, malignant tumors were responsible for 12 percent of the
nearly 56 million deaths worldwide from all causes. In many countries, more
than a quarter of deaths are attributable to cancer. In 2000, 5.3 million men and
4.7 million women developed a malignant tumor and altogether 6.2 million
died from the disease.
The predicted sharp increase in new cases from 10 million new cases globally
in 2000, to 15 million in 2020 will mainly be due to steadily ageing populations
in both developed and developing countries and also to current trends in
smoking prevalence and the growing adoption of unhealthy lifestyles.
Update: http://www.who.int/topics/cancer/en/
Avoidable Cancer Risk
Having a healthy diet, being physically active, and
maintaining a healthy weight may help reduce cancer risk.
Eat well: A healthy diet includes plenty of foods that
are high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. This includes
whole-grain breads and cereals and 5 to 9 servings of
fruits and vegetables every day. Also, a healthy diet
means limiting foods high in fat (such as butter, whole
milk, fried foods, and red meat.
Avoidable Cancer Risk
Be active and maintain a healthy weight:
Physical activity can help control your weight
and reduce body fat. Moderate physical
activity (such as brisk walking) for at least 30
minutes on 5 or more days each week is
recommended.
Prevention
Primary prevention: avoidance of exposure to cancer-causing
agents (e.g. tobacco, industrial carcinogens, etc ….).
Early detection of cancer: education to promote early diagnosis
and screening (Imaging diagnosis and laboratory tests,…)
Genetic testing: these tests can check for certain inherited gene
changes that increase the chance of developing cancer.
Cancer Screening
NHS Cancer Screening Programs: http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/
Cancer screenng overview:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/overview/patient/page1
American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of
Cancer:
http://www.cancer.org/Healthy/FindCancerEarly/CancerScreeningGuidelin
es/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer
Cancer screening: http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/
References and Further Reading
http://www.who.int/topics/cancer/en/
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/overview/page4
http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/
healthprofessional
http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary/db_alpha.aspx
• Lung cancer/risk factor. Ishwarya Techno Solutions
• Free Online Medical Transcription Training.
http://ishwaryatechnosolutions.com/cancer.aspx
Image Citation
• Mikael Häggström. Symptoms of cancer metastasis23 May 2009.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer
• Worldwide distribution of cancer. http://p53.free.fr/p53_info/p53_cancer.html
• Jpbrody. Cancer requires multiple mutations from NIH.2004-08-31.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIHe
n.png
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