UNIT-1
Introduction to Soft Computing
Part-1
Topics to be covered-
What is Artificial Intelligence
Concept of Computation
Soft Computing Techniques
Hard computing
Soft computing
How soft computing?
Hard computing vs. Soft computing
What is Artificial intelligence?
• “Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science concerned
with designing intelligent computer systems” that is, systems that
exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human
behavior.
• “Al is a branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior”.
Concept of Computation-
Computing
Antecedent Consequent
y = f(x)
Control Action
• Antecedent: A thing that existed before or logically precedes another(input).
• y = f(x):f is a mapping function, f is also called formal methods or an Algorithm
to solve the problem.
• Control Action :It should an unambiguous and accurate.
• Consequent: Following as a result or effect(Output).
What is Hard Computing-
• According to LAZ(L A Zade): We term a computing as Hard computing, if
Precise result is guaranteed.
Control action is Unambiguous.
Control action is formally defined (i.e., with mathematical model or algorithm)
• Hard computing uses traditional mathematical methods to solve problems, such as
algorithms and mathematical models. It is based on deterministic and precise
calculations and is ideal for solving problems that have well-defined mathematical
solutions.
• Eg- Solving numerical problems, Searching and Sorting techniques.
Crisp Systems (based on Crisp Set)-
• Crisp set defines the value is either 0 or 1
• It is also called a classical set.
• It shows full membership
• Crisp set application used for digital design.
• Full membership means totally true/false, yes/no, 0/1.
• Eg1. She is 18 years old.
• Eg2. Rahul is 1.6m tall.
What is Soft Computing?
• The term soft computing was proposed by the inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi A. Zadeh. He describes
it as follows.
• Soft computing is the reverse of hard (conventional) computing as it deals with approximation
models.
• It is a collection of methodologies that aim to exploit the tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty
to achieve flexibility, robustness, and low solution cost. Its principal constituents are fuzzy logic,
neuro-computing, and probabilistic reasoning.
• The role model for soft computing is the human mind.
• It does not require any mathematical modeling of problem solving.
• It may not yield the precise solution.
Soft Computing Techniques(elements)-
Neuro Fuzzy Neuro Genetic
Neuro Fuzzy
GeneticNeural Netw
Fuzzy Genetic
Continued-
• Soft computing is viewed as a foundation component for an emerging field of
conceptual intelligence. Fuzzy Logic (FL), Machine Learning (ML), Neural
Network (NN), Probabilistic Reasoning (PR), and Evolutionary Computation (EC)
are the supplements of soft computing. Also, these are techniques used by soft
computing to resolve any complex problem.
• Also, a combination of one or more of the methodologies mentioned termed
hybrid systems has resulted in the emergence of a new class of systems such as
Neuro‑Fuzzy, Fuzzy‑Genetic, Neuro‑Genetic and Neuro‑Fuzzy-Genetic systems.
Soft computing
Example: Hand written character recognition
(Artificial Neural Networks)
Example: Robot movement
(Fuzzy Logic)
Bank with
Soft computing
maximum return
Example: Money allocation problem
(Evolutionary Computing)
How Soft computing?
Neural network-
How a student learns from his/her teacher?
• Teacher asks questions and tell the answers then.
• Teacher puts questions and hints answers and asks whether the answers are
correct or not.
• Student thus learn a topic and store in his memory.
• Based on the knowledge he solves new problems.
This is the way how human brain works.
Based on this concept Artificial Neural Network is used to solve the problems.
Contd.
Fuzzy Logic-
How a doctor treats his patient?
• Doctor asks the patient about suffering.
• Doctor find the symptoms of diseases.
• Doctor prescribed tests and medicines.
This is exactly the way Fuzzy Logic works.
• Symptoms are correlated with diseases with uncertainty .
• Doctor prescribes tests/medicines fuzzily.
Contd.
Genetic Algorithm-
How world selects the best?
• It starts with a population (random).
• Reproduces another population (next generation).
• Rank the population and selects the superior individuals.
Genetic algorithm is based on this natural phenomena.
• Population is synonymous to solutions.
• Selection of superior solution is synonymous to exploring the optimal solution.
Hard Computing vs Soft Computing
Hard computing Soft computing
It requires a precisely stated It is tolerant of imprecision,
analytical model and often a lot of uncertainty, partial truth, and
computation time. approximation.
It is based on binary logic, crisp It is based on fuzzy logic, neural
systems, numerical analysis and nets and probabilistic reasoning.
crisp software.
It has the characteristics of It has the characteristics of
precision and categoricity. approximation & dispositionality.
It is deterministic. It incorporates stochasticity.
It is strictly sequential. It allows parallel computations.
Hard computing Soft computing
It requires exact input data. It can deal with ambiguous and
noisy data.
It produces precise answers.
It can yield approximate answers
It requires programs to be written It can evolve its own programs
