CONTEMPORARY

PHILIPPINE ARTS
FROM THE REGION
ACTIVITY TIME!

4 PICS, 1
WORD
_O
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_ _E _T A
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_S T_ O_ N
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_P L_ A_ _S _T _I _C
C_ L
_ A_ _Y
_ L_ A_ _S _S
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C_E_ M
_ E_ _N _T
SCULPTURE AND
LOCAL MATERIALS
GROUP 1, MODULE 7
OBJECTIVES:
In these lessons, you will learn the following:
 1. Create the intended final product using appropriate
materials for the best possible output.
 2. Justify the use of materials and the application of
techniques.
 3. Utilize local materials in creating a three-dimensional
sculpture.
WHAT IS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL
MEDIA?
 Any artwork that created within the boundaries of 3 dimensions .

Blanco
WHAT IS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL
MEDIA?
 These media can use stone, wood, clay, and metal.

Blanco
WHAT IS SCULPTURE?
 A form of art that involves the shape of various materials to
produce three-dimensional artwork.
 Made primarily for decoration, commemoration, or even prayers
 Contemporary sculpture is becoming increasingly common, not
only in public areas, installations, and galleries, but also in private
spaces.
SCULPTURE
 Contemporary Philippine
Sculpture has been
continuously evolving since
the works of Guillermo
Tolentino with his famous
Bonifacio Monument.
SCULPTURE
 Contemporary sculptors in the likes of Napoleon Abueva and
Ramon Orlina had experimented on and made use of different
media or a combination of media for their contemporary works.

 Public Art- Sculptures found in public spaced

 Commissioned works- Private collections
TECHNIQUES USED IN
SCULPTURE
The major processes involve in making sculptures
are similar for three-dimensional artists anywhere in
the world you go. Artist are different, however, in
the technique he chooses to express himself since
comfort and "feeling at home" with the technique
are very important considerations in how he
expresses his art.
WAYS OR METHODS
IN CREATING
THREE-
DIMENSIONAL
FORMS
SUBTRACTI
ON
This is the method in
which sculptors cut
away or remove pieces
or parts of the material
(called glyptic material)
such as stone or wood.
Special tools are used
by the artist to achieve
this purpose. This
includes chisels,
hammers, torches, saws,
grinders and polishers.
Click icon to add picture MANIPULATI
ON
This process is also
known as modeling.
Manipulation usually
involves the use of a
pliable medium such as
clay, wax or plaster.
This technique is
classified as a direct
method of creating the
form of the image. The
materials used in this
technique is not durable.
Click icon to add picture

KILN
 ADDITION
This technique involves
putting together materials
through the use of welding
torches, soldering guns,
staplers, bolts, screws, nails,
rivets, glue and rope or
string. When a sculpture is
too heavy, internal supports
like wires are used. The
material is then attached to
this wire. The method of
addition, in other words, is
an assembling technique.
WELDI
NG
It is the process of
joining together pieces
of metal by heating the
surfaces to the point of
melting using a
blowtorch, and uniting
them by pressing
and/or hammering.
 SUBSTITUTIO
N
• This is known as casting. This
involves the reproduction of an
original 3D image in a new
material by using a mold.
• The goal of substitution is to
duplicate the form or image in a
more permanent material. This
can be done through processes
like sand casting, plaster casting
or lost-wax casting.
• A variety of molds can be used
like waste mold, piece mold
and flexible mold.
SAND-CASTING

• This is sand molded

castings which is a metal
casting process
characterized by using
sand as the mold material.
These sculptures are
produced in foundries.
PLASTIC CASTING

• This is similar to sand casting except that the material

used is plaster.
LOST WAX CASTING

• This process involves pouring

molten metal into the mold
that is made of wax. Once the
mold is made, the wax model
is melted and drained away.
This is also known as
investment casting.
OTHER KINDS OF
SCULPTURE
Click icon to add picture
CONSTRUC
TED
SCULPTURE
This is a product of
assemblage. An
assortment of materials
like wood, metal, wire,
plastic and found
objects are attached
together through various
methods of the additive
technique to achieve the
final form.
Click icon to add picture KINETIC
SCULPTUR
This kindEanswers the
sculptors' concern about
how motion or movement
may be portrayed in
sculpture. The actual
movement in kinetic
sculptures may be caused
by wind, magnetic fields,
jet of water, electric
motors, variation in the
intensity of light or active
manipulation of the
viewer.
LOCAL
MATERIALS FOR
CONTEMPORARY
SCULPTURE
WOOD
 The type of wood used for the sculpture usually depends
on the availability of the material.
 A newly cut log is not ideal for sculpture because it still
has a considerable amount of moisture. Making the log dry
quickly will cause the wood to crack.
 The solution is air drying for extended periods of time.
Since the drying period takes time, the alternative is to use
kiln-dried wood that are cut into boards.
LOCALLY
AVAILABLE
WOOD
Casino
 MOLAVE
Molave is a medium-size
tree (15 m) that is classified
as hardwood. It is found in
low altitude forests called
"molave forest" throughout
the Philippines. Molave has
other uses beside sculpture
(mostly medicinal). Being
one of the hardest of
Philippine woods, it is
resistant to fungal, termite
and beetle attacks.
 ACACIA
Acacia is also a hardwood
found in abundance in the
Philippines. The wood is
sustainable and it can be seen
along the roads and even on
undeveloped lands. The rule to
follow to sustain the supply of
this species (and any tree for
that matter) is "that for every
tree that is cut, another one is
planted". Acacia is a dense,
durable hardwood that has a
high oil content and is resistant
to the elements, rotting and
insects.
LANGK
A
Langka Wood is a
hardwood from a
jackfruit tree, also
known as Jack Tree. It
is found locally and is
best known for its fruit
which is marketed in
many forms around the
world.
 IPIL TREE
• Ipil Tree is a fast-growing
hardwood that is usually a bush or
a small tree that grows up to 6
meters high.
• There are a lot of these trees that
are planted around the
Philippines. The major
characteristics of the ipil tree are:
it is not so affected by high
temperatures; it provides good
shade, survives with minimal
water; is not affected by salinity,
pests and disease. The wood has a
shiny black-brown color and is
durable for furniture and other
architectural construction.
 KAMAGONG
Kamagong is also known
as "iron wood" and locally
known as mabolo tree.
This is a tall tree that
reaches from about 25 to
32 meters high and 60 to
80 centimetres in
diameter. It is particularly
found in Mt. Makiling in
the Philippines. Its dark
wood, known as
Philippine Ebony is
highly suitable for
carvings.
KAMAGO
NG
Kamagong is in demand
for furniture, cabinets,
tool handles, violins and
drawing instruments. It
is known for its beauty
and durability and it is
also an endangered
species that is protected
by Philippine.
 PALM
WOOD
Palm wood is from palm trees
which are soft-stemmed and
more flexible than sturdy. Palm
wood is known for its
resilience. It is a hardwood
substitute known as Coconut
Lumber or Coco Lumber.
Coconut timber has fibrous
grain. The color tones of the
wood range from dark brown
tones which has high density
and light golden tones which is
low density. Coconut palm
grows to a height of 25 meters
with a diameter of 300 mm.
 PALM
WOOD
The hardest and densest
part of the wood is
found in the outer
perimeter of the trunk
which gives the tree its
strength, while the high
silica content gives it
elasticity. Towards the
center of the trunk, the
wood is less dense and
therefore softer.
 BAMBOO
WOODS
Bamboo woods are
giant, fast-growing
grasses that have woody
stems. Bamboos are
used for many purposes
aside from art. The use
of bamboo for sculpture
ranges from assemblage
to installations.
 BAMBOO
WOODS
The use of the bamboo is
particularly dependent on
its age: a 6 to 9 month
old bamboo is ideal for
making baskets; 2 to 3
years is for making
boards and the 3 to 6 year
old bamboo is best for
construction. Beyond 6
years, bamboo gradually
loses its strength.
TOOLS FOR WOOD
CARVING
GOUGE
Gouge is a tool with
a curve cutting edge
used in variety of
forms and sizes for
carving hollows,
rounds and sweeping
curves.
 COPING
SAW
Coping saw is a
small saw that
is used to cut-
off chunks of
wood at once.
CHISEL
Chisel may be
large or small,
whose straight,
cutting edge is
used for lines and
cleaning-up flat
surfaces.
SHORT
BENT
Short bent with
a small spoon-
like dip used for
quick deep cuts.
LONG
BENT
Long bent
for making
long deep
cuts.
STRAIG
HT
SKEW
Straight skew
has a diagonal
cutting edge.
PARTING
TOOL OR
VEINER
Parting tool or
veiner is a
furrowing tool
with a "v"
cutting edge.
 FISH
TAIL
Fish tail is a
tool that flares
out on the left
and right tips
like a tail of a
fish.
 METAL
This is a solid material that
is typically hard, shiny,
malleable, fusible and
ductile. Metal is electrically
and thermally conductive. In
sculpture, the use of metal in
creating permanent art
statements is done through a
substitution or casting
process in which the metal is
melted and poured into a
mold.
 METAL
For contemporary
sculpture, however,
assemblage is often
used to form the final
figure of the metal art
using techniques like
welding, bolting and
riveting to join/ connect
pieces of metals
together.
 STEEL
Steel is an alloy of iron and
1% carbon. Stainless steel,
which is now popular in
contemporary works of art is
also known as inox steel.
Inox steel is an alloy of steel
with a minimum content of
10.5% chromium. Stainless
steel does not corrode easily
and does not rust or stain in
water. It is the material of
choice where the properties
of steel and corrosive
resistance are required.
 BRONZE
Bronze is a tin-copper alloy
with any other metal except
zinc. It is more expensive
than its alternate which is
brass and is more corrosive
resistant. Bronze has the
characteristic of forming a
patina (green color) that
protects the metal. Rapid
deterioration of bronze will
occur if constantly expose to
moisture, chlorides and
sulfides. Its distinctive color
is reddish brown.
 BRASS
Brass is a yellow alloy of
copper and zinc. The
proportions of the
combination can vary
which results in varied
properties. Compared to
bronze, brass is more
malleable and has a lower
melting point. Brass is not
as hard as steel and tends
to crack when exposed to
ammonia. The color is
muted yellow that is
similar to gold but a little
duller.
 STONE
Stone is a naturally hard,
non-metallic mineral from
which beautiful sculptures
can be made. Deposits of
stone, like marble, are
usually mined from
beneath the surface of the
earth. Rich deposits of
stone will provide artists
with a permanent medium
that will last for many
years.

Bonggalos
 MARBLE
Marble is a hard, crystalline,
metamorphic z. form of
limestone with color that is
capable of being polished.
In the island of Romblon,
Philippines, there are at,
least two dozen varieties of
marble and approximately
158 different shades of
color. Variations in color,
shade and Marble grain
depends on the depth in
which the marble is mined.
 ALABASTER
Alabaster is a fine-grained,
translucent form of gypsum,
typically white and used for
carving beautiful artworks.
It is a kind of stone which is
soft, fined- grained
sedimentary gypsum rock.
Generally white and
delicately shaded and
translucent, alabaster of 1-2
inch thickness allows light
to pass through.
STONE CARVING
TOOLS
All tools used for stone carving are forged from high carbon steel and
tempered for strength.
 Point Chisel removes the primary bulk material and comes in three
sizes, small; medium and large. All taper down to four sided points
and the thickness or the size of the point will be determined by its
weight. The smaller the size, the finer or lighter the pvoint.
 Tooth Chisel or Rake is used for second stage removal, a flat,
straight chisel with a slightly beveled teeth. This tool has four
widths: the smallest has four teeth; next with five teeth; six teeth
and the largest ten teeth. Used for geometric reduction of a large
piece of stone.
 Flat-straight chisel is a finishing tool used before the final
abrasive finishing, rasping and sanding. It has a straight edge with a
slight bevel of 30 degrees and available in 3 sizes, small; medium
and large.
 Diamond-shaped point is used for parting ferrules.
 Rondel is a rounded curve tool used for concave carving. The
cutting edge is a round bevel.
 Stone Carving hammer comes in three weights and made of soft
iron (1 pound, 1.5 pounds and 2 pounds)
 Pneumatic tools are electrical tools with an air compressor with a
choice of the points, rakes and straight chisel
Click icon to add picture
CLAY
Adobe as used in
sculpture is a natural
mixture of clay-rich
earth, sand and straw.
Using this material
enables sculptors to
form figures that are
soft like clay and
when dry is as hard as
rock.
IN MAKING
SCULPTURE
1. Decide on how the sculpture is going to be created.
2. In making hollow figures, the thickness of the sides
should not be more than 1/2 inch. Tools can be used to
scrape out or dig out the clay to make the figure
hollow. Remember that solid clay cannot be fired.
3. Make sure that the figure has uniform thickness to
prevent shrinkage and cracking. Different thickness
will result in shrinkage at different rates.
3. Use plastic sheets to keep the clay moist while still working.
Sponges can be used to add water little by little. Red clay
dries slower and is very pliable.
4. Assemble pieces by scoring both ends and using adhesive
mud. Dried clay soaked in water can be used as adhesive for
attaching parts. The figure takes two to three weeks to dry
depending on the thickness of the sides.
5. Finish the piece. This sculpture can be glazed, painted and
fired. The weakness of this medium is its fragility and
breakability.
 PLASTER
OF PARIS
This is a white substance
that is made by adding
water to powdered and
partly dehydrated gypsum.
This medium is made from
gypsum deposits which
initially originated in Paris.
It is a type of cement that is
calcium sulfate, a white
powder that forms a paste
when mixed with water and
hardens into a solid
material.
 PLASTER
OF PARIS
For sculpture, using this
medium requires some
kind of mold. The
material dries quickly,
usually around 30
minutes depending on
the thickness of the
image. The work made
from this material can
be painted with acrylic.
 CEMENT
Cement is a powdery
substance made with
calcite lime and clay. It is
mixed with water to form
mortar or mixed with sand,
gravel and water to make
concrete. Mixing the
ingredients for concrete is
significant to attain the
proper ratio of each
material as this would
affect the integrity of the
finished work.
 CEMENT
Sculptures using
cement can be made
using more than one
technique or a
combination of
techniques. This
medium can be
poured into a cast or
can be modelled onto
wires and metal rods.
 PLASTIC
Plastic is a synthetic material
made from a wide range of
organic polymers such as
polyethylene, PVC (polyvinyl
chloride), and nylon that can
be molded into shape while
soft and then set into a rigid
or slightly elastic form.
Plastic is not biodegradable
and therefore not
environmentally friendly.
Plastic sculptures are usually
reproductions of original
works.

Abratiguin
 GLASS
Glass is a hard
brittle substance that
is transparent or
translucent. It is
made by fusing
sand, soda lime and
other ingredients and
then slowly cooled.
TECHNIQUES FOR
MAKING
SCULPTURE OF
GLASS
 GLASS

BLOWING
uses a combination of sand, soda
lime and coloring agents to produce a
raw material which is melted
together to form molten glass. This
glass is gathered onto a blowpipe.
The air blown into the pipe shapes
the molten glass before it cools.
Once shaped, it is placed in an
annealing oven to slowly cool down
until the glass is stable. Cooling the
glass too quickly may cause it to
crack or even break.
 HOT
SCULPTIN
G
 is the technique in which a solid
metal rod gathers the molten
glass from the furnace and
shapes it with the use of a
special tool. This technique
allows the glass sculptor to
make large solid pieces of glass
art.
 COLD
WORKING
 is working with glass when it is
in its cold or annealed state.
Sandblasting (using jets of sand
powered by compressed air to
roughen or clean), cutting,
grinding, polishing and
engraving are used to create a
unique piece of art. Special
glues are also use to bind glass
together.
ICE
 Ice is also use as a modern medium for contemporary sculpture. The sculptures
that result from using ice as the raw material can be abstract or realistic;
functional or purely decorative. Ice sculptures are usually associated with
special or extravagant events because ice is a temporary medium. Its lifetime is
limited and is determined by the temperature of its surrounding environment.
 Ice sculptures are carved from blocks of ice that are carefully selected by the
artist for the purpose of portraying his sculpture. Carving ice is made from
pure, clean water which is free from impurities. The production of clear ice has
a lot to do with the freezing process.
TECHNIQUES IN
MAKING ICE
SCULPTURE
The environmental temperature is a very
significant consideration in determining
how fast the ice carver should finish the
sculpture. Some carvers use power tools
such as chainsaws and die grinders that
would allow them to finish the work
within 10 minutes. Other tools for ice
carving also include hand saws and razor-
sharp chisels.
 BASIC STEP
1. The block of ice is placed in an area with good lighting for the artist to have
the best visibility.
2. Basic designs are initially rough and are created by the use of chainsaw and
other rough cutting tools to get the basic design.
3. Finer tools such as ice picks, chisels and small saws are used for fine details.
4. Smoothing and shaping tools are used to add finer details and get the finish
effect. An electric handheld blower removes traces of ice chips adding to the
smooth polished effect.
5. Gel, lighting and other effects are added once the sculpture is almost done.
When the work is finish, the ice sculpture is now ready for show.
Some cuisines use ice sculptures for its
decorative appeal for it enhances the
presentation of food especially cold foods such
as sea foods or sorbets. Ice sculptures are also
commissioned at holiday buffets, restaurants,
hotels and cruise ship buffets. For events such
as weddings, popular subjects are ice
sculptures of hearts, doves and swans.
SAND
 Sand is a popular art especially during the summer months. A
sculpture of sand involves modeling sand into an art form. The two
basic ingredients for this art are sand and water which are in
abundance in a sandy beach or in a sand pit. Sand that is good for
sculpture is somewhat dirty, having silt and clay that helps lock the
irregularly-shaped sand grains together.
 Sand grains will not stick together unless the sand is reasonably
fine. While dry sand is loose, wet sand is adheres to each other if
the proper amount of sand and water are used in the mixture.
Conminguez
FOOD ART
 In contemporary art, the media can also be edible. In the fast
growing world of culinary arts, fruits, vegetables, chocolates,
and cakes are only some of the materials food artists use as
means of artistic expression. Restaurants compete with each
other not only in the taste of the cuisines they serve but also in
how these cuisines are presented. The effort spent in food
preparation should not only entice the senses of smell and taste
but should also be visually appealing and dramatically
awesome. Melons, watermelons, apples, pineapples, cucumber,
carrots, oranges and pumpkins are only some of the locally
favorite items for fruit and vegetable carving.
IMPORTANT TIPS
FOR CARVING
FRUITS
 In the selection of fruit, choose the one with a firm, unbruised skin. There
should be no lumps and oddly shaped curves and no soft spots.
 The use of stainless steel knives is preferred. Other knives will most likely
cause discoloration in the fruit. The knives should be sharpened regularly for
them to be effective and safe. In the proper handling of the knife the following
should serve as a guide: place the thumb of the dominant hand on the knife
handle right next to the blade. Put the index finger on the dull upper edge of
the blade. The middle finger should then be lowered to the side of the blade
opposite the thumb. The fourth and fifth fingers are then curve around the
handle, gripping the handle comfortably.
 Before any cut is made, decide as to what pattern or design is to be carved on
the fruit. Drawing a pattern on the fruit using a fine permanent marker or using
a stencil to trace the pattern may be done.
INSTALLATION
ART
 INSTALLATI
ON ART
This is a contemporary three-
dimensional art that involves
any arrangement of objects in
an exhibition space. This could
vary from a room full of
sculptures to a space filled with
video monitors. Installations
usually refer to interior spaces;
exterior interventions are often
called land art. Installations can
be temporary or permanent.
This media emphasizes the
total, unified experience rather
than a display of separate,
individual artworks.
The artist of this media is working towards experimentation,
aiming to shock or unsettle the viewer and transform their
perception of space. The artist take into consideration the
space and the manner in which their work may relate to it.
Artists' works are sensitively arranged or installed to create
a dialogue with the immediate surroundings. The goal is for
the viewers to take in both the work and its surrounding
environment as one overall, immersive display.
Materials for installation art may include plastic, bags,
newspaper, dry leaves, book pages, shoes, shovels, knives
and other local materials or found objects. The
incorporation of everyday materials and natural materials
are usually chosen for their evocative qualities. New media
such as video, sound, performance, immersive virtual
reality and the internet are also Installation Art sometimes
employed. These works sprawl across the gallery floors and
ceilings or are suspended with the use of invisible thread.
Many installation arts are site-specific which means that
they are designed to exist only in the space for which they
are created.
Installation art operates fully within the realm of sensory
perception, "installing" the viewer into an artificial system
with an appeal to the viewer's subjective perception as its
ultimate goal. A more recent innovation of installation is the
interactive installation which involves the viewer acting on
the work of art or the piece responding to the user's activity.
This type includes "web-based installation; gallery-based
installations; electronic-based installations and mobile-
based installations.
In the contemporary art world, there is also intermedia. This
is described as a dynamic mix of media and genres. In
intermedia, the artist expresses ideas through the use of a
combination of mixed media, installation, space-time art
and performance art. This allows the viewer the experience
of using all of his senses in appreciating a contemporary art
expression.
 ACTIVITY TIME!

COMPLETE
ME
1. In subtraction method in creating three-
dimensional forms, sculptors __________
pieces or parts of the material to create the
image.

a. Remove a. Remove
b.Add b.Add
2. Metal is a _____ material that is typically
hard, shiny, malleable, fusible and ductile.

a. Solid a. Solid
b. Liquid b. Liquid
c. Gas c. Gas
3. Stone is a naturally hard, _________ mineral
from which beautiful sculptures can be made.

a. Metallic a. Metallic
b. Non-metallic b. Non-metallic
c. Metalloid c. Metalloid
4. Glass is a hard brittle substance that is
_________.

a. Opaque a. Opaque
b. Transparent b. Transparent
c. Colored c. Colored
5. Sculpture is a form of art that involves the
shape of various materials to produce
________________ artwork.

a. One-dimensional a. One-dimensional
b. Two-dimensional b. Two-dimensional
c. Three-dimensional c. Three-dimensional
THANK YOU!