CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS &
COMPUTERS
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Contents
Introduction
4-Bit Microprocessors
8-Bit Microprocessors
16-Bit Microprocessors
32-Bit Microprocessors
64-Bit Microprocessors
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Micro-processor
What is a Micro-processor?
• A Microprocessor is used as a CPU in a
microcomputer.
• A semiconductor chip or chip set that forms the
CPU
• Controls computers input/output devices
• Executes programs
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Basic Concepts of Microprocessors
Microcomputer : a computer with a microprocessor as its
CPU. Includes memory, I/O etc
Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes ALU,
register circuits & control circuits
Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single
package.
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Microprocessor unit
Microprocessor unit (MPU)
• Consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a control
unit, an instruction decoder and some registers.
• The MPU Works by sequentially decoding
instructions and operating on data under control of
a program.
• The instructions and the data are stored in
memory.
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Microprocessor
The “Microprocessor” term was used by Intel to
name their first CPU (4004). A 4-bit chip designed to
be used in a calculator.
Architectures now have advanced to 8, 16, 32, 64-bit
for general purpose CPUs, and 128/256-bit and
higher for specialised microprocessors such as GPUs,
DSPs.
Term now used to describe the core component of a
computer, the “brains” of the system that controls all
the rest of the components, the peripherals.
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MICROPROCESSOR
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Microprocessor v Microcomputer
A Microprocessor
only is a single-chip CPU
bus is available
RAM capacity, num of port is selectable
Communicate by port
A Microcomputer
contains a CPU and RAM,ROM ,Peripherals, I/O
port in a single IC
internal hardware is fixed
Communicate by port
ROM is larger than RAM (usually)
Small power consumption
Single chip, small board
Implementation is easy
Low cost
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Microprocessor Or Microcomputers
Applications
Microcomputers are suitable to control I/O
devices in designs requiring a minimum
component
Microprocessors are suitable for processing
information in computer systems.
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Microprocessor V Microcomputers
• Microcomputer is easy to use and design.
• Only single chip can be a complete system
• interfacing to other devices, for example, motors, displays,
sensors, and communicate with PC.
• In contrast, similar system that builds from
Microprocessor would require a lot of additional units,
• such as RAM, UART, I/O , TIMER and etc.
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Microprocessor V Microcomputers
• Logic circuit provides limited function for one single
design. In order to change circuit’s functionality, we
need to redesign the circuits.
• Microcomputers can reprogram and change
functionality of every port, input to output or digital to
analog on the fly.
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The Microcomputers
All Microcomputers consist of (at least) :
Microprocessor Unit (MPU)
Program Memory (ROM)
Data Memory (RAM)
Input / Output ports
Bus System
(and Software)
MPU is the brain of microcomputer
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Microcomputers
Many microcomputers are existing right now.
8051, 68HC11, MSP430, ARM series, and etc.
We may widely divide it with how it is designed
RISC/CISC architecture.
What is the main difference between
RISC/CISC?
Does it make any difference to our application?
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A Microcomputer
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The Microprocessor (MPU)
• The microprocessor is the ‘brain of the
microcomputer’
• Is a single chip which is capable of
• processing data
• controlling all of the components which make up the
microcomputer system
• µP used to sequence executions of instructions that is
in memory
• µP Fetch , Decode , and Execute the instruction
• The internal architecture of the microprocessor is
complex.
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The Microprocessor (MPU)
• Microprocessor (MPU) typically contains
• Registers: Temporary storage locations for program instruction or
data.
• The Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU): This part of the MPU performs
both arithmetic and logical operations
• Timing and Control Circuits: that keep all of the other parts of
system (Regs, ALU, memory & I/O) working together in the right
time sequence
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MICROPROCESSORS
Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a
microprocessor can perform mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Modern
microprocessors contain complete floating
point processors that can perform extremely
sophisticated operations on large floating
point numbers.
2. A microprocessor can move data from
one memory location to another.
3. A microprocessor can make decisions
and jump to a new set of instructions based
on those decisions.
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Clock speed
• Clock speed, also known as clock rate or clock frequency, is a measure
of how fast a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) can execute
instructions.
• It is typically measured in MHz(MegaHertz) or gigahertz (GHz). Higher
clock speeds generally mean that a CPU can process more instructions
per second, and thus can perform better on tasks that require fast
processing.
Examples :
• A CPU with a clock speed of 4.2 MHz executes 4.2 Million cycles per
second.
• A CPU with a clock speed of 4.2 GHz executes 4.2 Billion cycles per
second.
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HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSORS
MIPS stands for "millions of instructions per
second" and is a rough measure of the
performance of a CPU.
Modern CPUs can do so many different things
that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning,
but you can get a general sense of the relative
power of the CPUs from this column.
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4-bit Microprocessors
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Intel 4004 Intel 4004 was the first
microprocessor introduced by
Intel in 1971.
The 4004 instruction set
contained only 45 instructions
It was a 4-bit µP.
16-pin DIP package
Its clock speed was 740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around 60,000
instructions per second.
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Intel 4040
After 4004 Intel released The
4040 processor
operated at a higher speed,
although it lacked improvements
in word width and memory size
It was also 4-bit µP.
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8-bit Microprocessors
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Intel 8008
Intel Corporation released the
8008 an extended 8-bit version
of the 4004 microprocessor.
The 8008 addressed an
expanded memory size (16K
bytes) and contained additional
instructions (a total of 48) that
provided an opportunity for its
application in more advanced
systems.
.
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Intel 8080
Intel Introduced the first of
the modem 8-bit microprocessors
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
It had 6,000 transistors.
Was 10 times faster than 8008.
Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.
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Intel 8085 In 1977, Intel Corporation introduced an
updated version of the 8080 the 8085.
The 8085 was to be the last 8-bit, general-
purpose microprocessor developed by Intel.
Although only slightly more advanced than
an 8080 microprocessor, the 8085 executed
software at an even higher speed
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per
second.
It could access 64 KB of memory.
It had 246 instructions.
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16-bit Microprocessors
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Introduced in 1978.
Intel 8086 It was first 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and
10 MHz, depending on the version.
Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is
20-bit.
It had 29,000 transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million instructions
per second.
This higher execution speed and larger
memory size allowed the 8086 and 8088
to replace smaller minicomputers in
many applications
It could access 1 MB of memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide instructions.
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Intel 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP.
It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
It was a 16-bit processor with an
8-bit external bus.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
This chip became the most
popular in the computer industry
when IBM used it for its first PC.
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Intel 80186 & 80188
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.
80188 was a cheaper version
of 80186 with an 8-bit external
data bus.
They had additional
components like:
Interrupt Controller
Clock Generator
Local Bus Controller
Counters
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Intel 80286
Introduced in 1983.
It was 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
It could address 16 MB of
memory.
It had 1,34,000 transistors.
It could execute 4 million
instructions per second.
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32-bit Microprocessors
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Introduced in 1986.
It was first 32-bit µP.
Intel 80386 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is
32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of memory.
It had 2,75,000 transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33
MHz depending upon the various
versions.
Different versions:
80386 DX
80386 SX
80386 SL
Intel 80386 became the best selling
microprocessor in history.
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Introduced in 1989.
Intel 80486
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 1.2 million transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending upon
the various versions.
It had five different versions:
80486 DX
80486 SX
80486 DX2
80486 SL
80486 DX4
8 KB of cache memory was
introduced.
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Introduced in 1993.
Intel Pentium It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address
bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of memory.
Could execute 110 million
instructions per second.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
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Intel Pentium Pro
Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 21 million transistors.
It was primarily used in server
systems.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
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Intel Pentium II
Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 233 MHz to
500 MHz.
Could execute 333 million
instructions per second.
MMX technology was
supported.
L2 cache & processor were on
one circuit.
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Intel Pentium II Xeon
Introduced in 1998.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was designed for servers.
Its clock speed was 400 MHz to
450 MHz.
L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache of
512 KB, 1MB or 2 MB.
It could work with 4 Xeons in
same system.
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Intel Pentium III
Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed varied from 500
MHz to 1.4 GHz.
It had 9.5 million transistors.
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Intel Pentium IV
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz
to 3.8 GHz.
L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2 cache
of 256 KB.
It had 42 million transistors.
All internal connections were
made from aluminium to copper.
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Introduced in 2006.
Intel Dual Core
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there own
internal bus and L1 cache, but
share the external bus and L2
cache (Next Slide).
It supported SMT technology.
SMT: Simultaneously Multi-
Threading
E.g.: Adobe Photoshop
supported SMT. 41
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64-bit Microprocessors
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Intel Core 2
Introduced in 2006.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to
3 GHz.
It has 291 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core
and 4 MB of L2 cache.
It is launched in three different
versions:
Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Quad
Intel Core 2 Extreme
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Intel Core i7
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.66
GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8
MB of L3 cache.
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Intel Core i5
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.40
GHz to 3.60 GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8
MB of L3 cache.
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Intel Core i3
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 2 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.93
GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core, 512 KB of L2 cache and 4
MB of L3 cache.
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Summary
Table :History of Intel microprocessors
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