Scribd
Upload
38 views13 pages

Ana 213 Res

The document discusses the development of the respiratory system from early formation of the respiratory diverticulum through adulthood. Key stages include pseudoglandular, canalicular, terminal sac and alveolar periods. Congenital abnormalities like respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary agenesis and cystic fibrosis are also covered.

Uploaded by

wizarddone311
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views13 pages

Ana 213 Res

The document discusses the development of the respiratory system from early formation of the respiratory diverticulum through adulthood. Key stages include pseudoglandular, canalicular, terminal sac and alveolar periods. Congenital abnormalities like respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary agenesis and cystic fibrosis are also covered.

Uploaded by

wizarddone311
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

DEVELOPMENT OF THE

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharynx, and
oropharynx

• The lower respiratory system consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi,


and lungs.

• It begins at the 4th week with formation of the respiratory


diverticulum in the ventral wall of the primitive foregut.
• The distal end of the respiratory diverticulum enlarges to form the lung bud.

• The lung bud divides into two bronchial buds that branch into the main
(primary), lobar (secondary), segmental (tertiary), and subsegmental bronchi.

• The respiratory diverticulum initially is in open communication with the


foregut, but eventually they become separated by indentations of mesoderm,
the tracheoesophageal folds.

• the tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline to form the


tracheoesophageal septum,

• the foregut is divided into the trachea ventrally and esophagus dorsally
• Development of the larynx.

• The opening of the respiratory diverticulum into the foregut becomes


the laryngeal orifice.

• The laryngeal epithelium and glands are derived from endoderm.

• The laryngeal muscles are derived from mesoderm of pharyngeal


arches 4 and 6

• and are innervated by branches of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve [CN]
X); i.e., the superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve,
respectively.
• Development of the trachea

1. The tracheal epithelium and glands are derived from endoderm. The tracheal
smooth muscle, connective tissue, and C-shaped cartilage rings are derived from
visceral mesoderm.

2. Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal communication between the trachea and


esophagus that results from improper division of foregut by the tracheoesophageal
septum.

3. It is generally associated with esophageal atresia.

4. features include excessive accumulation of saliva or mucus in the nose and mouth;
episodes of gagging and cyanosis after swallowing milk; abdominal distention after
crying; and reflux of gastric contents into lungs, causing pneumonitis
Esophageal atresia with a
tracheoesophageal fistula at the distal H-type tracheoesophageal fistula only;
one-third end of the trachea; This is
the most common type, occurring in This malformation occurs in 6% of cases.
82% of cases.

Esophageal atresia only


This malformation occurs in Esophageal atresia with a
9% of cases. tracheoesophageal fistula at both
proximal and distal ends
This malformation occurs in 2% of cases

Esophageal atresia with a


tracheoesophageal fistula at the proximal
end
This malformation occurs in 1% of cases
Development of the bronchi
• The lung bud divides into two bronchial buds.

• At the 5th week, bronchial buds enlarge to


form main (primary) bronchi.

• The right main bronchus is larger and more


vertical than the left main bronchus;

• The main bronchi further subdivide into


lobar (secondary) bronchi (three on the right
side and two on the left side.

• The lobar bronchi further subdivide into


segmental (tertiary) bronchi which further
subdivide into subsegmental bronchi.
• The segmental bronchi are the primordia of the Clinical correlate
bronchopulmonary segments.
a. Bronchopulmonary segment is a segment of
• As the bronchi develop, they expand laterally and
lung tissue supplied by a segmental (tertiary)
caudally into a space known as the primitive pleural
bronchus.
cavity.

The visceral mesoderm covering the outside of the b. Congenital lobar emphysema is characterized
bronchi develops into visceral pleura, and somatic by progressive overdistention of one or the
mesoderm covering the inside of the body wall upper lobes or the right middle lobe with air.
develops into parietal pleura.
c. Congenital bronchogenic cysts; abnormality
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is in bronchial branching and may be found
called the pleural cavity. within the mediastinum
The bronchial epithelium and glands are derived from
d. Bronchiectasis is the abnormal, permanent
endoderm.
dilatation of bronchi due to chronic
The bronchial smooth muscle, connective tissue, and necrotizing infection
cartilage are derived from visceral mesoderm
Development of the lungs

• The lung matures in a proximal–distal direction, beginning


with the largest bronchi and proceeding outward.

• proximal pulmonary tissue will be in a more advanced


period of development than distal pulmonary tissue.

• a. Pseudoglandular period (weeks 7–16); During this period,


the developing lung resembles an exocrine gland.

• The numerous endodermal tubules (ETs) are lined by


simple columnar epithelium and are surrounded by
mesoderm containing a modest capillary network.

• Each endodermal tubule branches into 15–25 terminal


bronchioles (TBs).

• During this period, respiration is not possible, and the


premature infants cannot survive.
Canalicular period (weeks 16–24);
the TBs branch into three or more respiratory
bronchioles (RBs).

The respiratory bronchioles subsequently branch into


three to six alveolar ducts (ADs).

The terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and


alveolar ducts are now lined by a simple cuboidal
epithelium

and are surrounded by mesoderm containing a


prominent capillary network.

Premature infants born before week 20 rarely survive


Terminal sac period (week 24 to birth);
During this period, terminal sacs (TSs) bud off the ADs and then
dilate and expand into the surrounding mesoderm.

The terminal sacs are separated from each other by primary


septae.

The simple cuboidal epithelium within the terminal sacs


differentiates into type I pneumocytes (thin, flat cells that make
up part of the blood–air barrier)

and type II pneumocytes (which produce surfactant).

The terminal sacs are surrounded by mesoderm containing a


rapidly proliferating capillary network. The capillaries make intimate contact with the terminal sacs
and thereby establish a blood–air barrier with the type I
pneumocytes.

Premature infants born between week 25 and week 28 can


survive with intensive care. Adequate vascularization and
surfactant levels are the most important factors for the
survival of premature infants
Alveolar period (week 32–age 8 years).

During this period, terminal sacs are partitioned by secondary


septae to form adult alveoli. About 20–70 million alveoli are
present at birth.

About 300–400 million alveoli are present by 8 years of age.

The major mechanism for the increase in the number of


alveoli is formation of secondary septae that partition existing
alveoli.

After birth, the increase in the size of the lung is due to an


increase in the number of respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by a Pulmonary aplasia is the absence of lung
deficiency or absence of surfactant that is produced tissue but the presence of a rudimentary
by type II pneumocytes. bronchus.

RDS is prevalent in premature infants (accounts for Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) is a poorly
50%–70% of deaths in premature infants) developed bronchial tree with abnormal
histology.

Pulmonary agenesis is the complete absence of a PH can also be found in association with
lung or a lobe and its bronchi. congenital diaphragmatic hernia (i.e.,
herniation of abdominal contents into the
This is a rare condition caused by failure of thorax), which compresses the developing
bronchial buds to develop. lung.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive PH can also be found in association with
genetic disorder caused by 1000 mutations in the bilateral renal agenesis or Potter’s syndrome,
CFTR gene which causes an insufficient amount of
amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) to be
produced.

You might also like