Introduction To Communication
Introduction To Communication
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What is communication?
Communication is the process of transferring information from one place to
another.
What is a communication system? Communication systems are designed
to transmit information.
The electronic equipments which are used for communication purpose are
called communication equipment.
Different communication equipment when assembled together forms a
communication system.
Typical examples of communication system are line telephony and line
telegraphy, radio telephony, radio and TV broadcasting, computer
communication and navigation etc...
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Digital and Analog Sources and Systems
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Disadvantages
Expensive analog Components.
No privacy.
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Disadvantages
Larger bandwidth
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Basic Elements and Block Diagram of a Communication System
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The transmitter carrier circuit converts the processed base band signal into
a frequency band that is appropriate for the transmission medium of the
channel.
Example:
An amplitude –modulated (AM) broadcasting station with an
assigned frequency of 850 kHz has a carrier frequency fc=850 kHz.
The mapping of the base band input information waveform m (t) into
the band pass signal s (t) is called modulation.
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Channel:
Channels represent the path in which signals travel from transmitter to
receiver. Very general classification of channels is:
Wire (line): In its simplest form, the medium may simply be a pair of
wires that carry the signal from one end to another.
The wire may be a Twisted-pair telephone line, coaxial cable, and fiber-
optic cables.
The coaxial cables are preferred over a pair of wires, because they provide
greater bandwidth,
lower losses
much lower crosstalk
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The fiber optic cable is a logical extension of coaxial cable, which allows
high operating frequency
provides greater bandwidth,
immune to crosstalk and electromagnetic interference
Wireless (radio): Radio is the broad general term applied to any form of
wireless communication between two points.
It requires no physical wires between transmitter and receiver to carry the
signal, and the signal is sent through free space or air in the form of
electromagnetic wave.
Radio communication makes possible communication over very long
distances, even from earth to moon.
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Noise: Noise is random, undesirable electric energy that enters the communication
system via the medium and interferes with the transmitted message. Some noise is
also produced in the receiver.
Natural noise includes noise produced in nature, e.g. from lighting during rainy
season, or noise due to radiations produced by the sun and the star.
Man made noise is the noise produced by the electric ignition system of cars,
electric motor etc. Noise is one of the serious problems of communication .
It cannot be completely eliminated .However; there are ways to deal with noise and
reduce the possibility of degradation of signal due to noise.
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Receiver:
The receiver takes the corrupted signal at the channel output and converts it to
be a base band signal that can be handled by the receiver’s base band processor.
The base band processor cleans up this signal and delivers an estimate of the
source information m (t) to the communication system output.
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ways:
How close is the estimate to the original signal m(t)
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Electromagnetic bands with typical applications
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A few popular frequency bands
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Some milestones in the history of electrical communications
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