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Introduction To Communication

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views21 pages

Introduction To Communication

Uploaded by

Abdi Jote
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

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What is communication?
 Communication is the process of transferring information from one place to
another.
What is a communication system? Communication systems are designed
to transmit information.
The electronic equipments which are used for communication purpose are
called communication equipment.
Different communication equipment when assembled together forms a
communication system.
Typical examples of communication system are line telephony and line
telegraphy, radio telephony, radio and TV broadcasting, computer
communication and navigation etc...
Cont….
2

Communication systems Design concerns:


 Selection of the information–bearing waveform;

 Bandwidth and power of the waveform;

 Effect of system noise on the received information;

 Cost of the system

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Digital and Analog Sources and Systems

 Analog Information Source: An analog information source produces messages


which are defined on a continuum. (E.g. :Microphone)
 Digital Information Source: A digital information source produces a finite set of
possible messages. (E.g. :Typewriter)

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Cont….
4

 A digital communication system transfer’s information from a


digital source to the intended receiver (also called the sink).

 An analog communication system transfers information from


an analog source to the sink.

 A digital waveform is defined as a function of time that can


have a discrete set of amplitude values.

 An Analog waveform is a function that has a continuous range


of values.
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Comparison of analog and digital communication systems

Analog communication system


Advantages
 Smaller bandwidth.

 Synchronization problem is relatively easier.

Disadvantages
 Expensive analog Components.

 No privacy.

 Cannot merge data from different sources.

 No error correction Capability.

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Cont…
6

Digital communication system


Advantages
 Inexpensive digital Circuits.

 Privacy preserved (data encryption).

 Can merge different data(voice, video and data) and transmit

over a common digital transmission System.


 Error correction by coding

Disadvantages
 Larger bandwidth

 Synchronization problem is relatively difficult

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Basic Elements and Block Diagram of a Communication System

All communication systems contain three main sub systems:


 Transmitter
 Channel
 Receiver

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Cont…
8

Transmitter: The transmitter processes the input signal to produce a


transmitted signal Suited to the characteristics of the transmission channel.
 The signal-processing block is used for more efficient transmission.
Examples:
 In an analog system, the signal processor may be an analog low-pass
filter to restrict the bandwidth of m (t).
 In a hybrid system, the signal processor may be an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) to produce digital signals that represent samples of
the analog input .

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Cont…
9

 The transmitter carrier circuit converts the processed base band signal into
a frequency band that is appropriate for the transmission medium of the
channel.
 Example:
 An amplitude –modulated (AM) broadcasting station with an
assigned frequency of 850 kHz has a carrier frequency fc=850 kHz.
 The mapping of the base band input information waveform m (t) into
the band pass signal s (t) is called modulation.

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Cont…
10

Channel:
 Channels represent the path in which signals travel from transmitter to
receiver. Very general classification of channels is:
 Wire (line): In its simplest form, the medium may simply be a pair of
wires that carry the signal from one end to another.
 The wire may be a Twisted-pair telephone line, coaxial cable, and fiber-
optic cables.
 The coaxial cables are preferred over a pair of wires, because they provide
greater bandwidth,
lower losses
much lower crosstalk

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Cont…
11

 The fiber optic cable is a logical extension of coaxial cable, which allows
high operating frequency
provides greater bandwidth,
immune to crosstalk and electromagnetic interference
 Wireless (radio): Radio is the broad general term applied to any form of
wireless communication between two points.
 It requires no physical wires between transmitter and receiver to carry the
signal, and the signal is sent through free space or air in the form of
electromagnetic wave.
 Radio communication makes possible communication over very long
distances, even from earth to moon.

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Cont…
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Noise: Noise is random, undesirable electric energy that enters the communication
system via the medium and interferes with the transmitted message. Some noise is
also produced in the receiver.

 Noise can be either natural or man-made.

 Natural noise includes noise produced in nature, e.g. from lighting during rainy
season, or noise due to radiations produced by the sun and the star.

 Man made noise is the noise produced by the electric ignition system of cars,
electric motor etc. Noise is one of the serious problems of communication .

 It cannot be completely eliminated .However; there are ways to deal with noise and
reduce the possibility of degradation of signal due to noise.

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Cont…
13

Receiver:
 The receiver takes the corrupted signal at the channel output and converts it to

be a base band signal that can be handled by the receiver’s base band processor.

 The base band processor cleans up this signal and delivers an estimate of the
source information m (t) to the communication system output.

 In digital systems, the measure of signal deterioration is usually taken to be the


probability of bit error P (e) – also called Bit Error Rate (BER) of the
delivered data m (t).

 In analog systems, the performance measure is usually taken to be the Signal-


to-noise Ratio (SNR) at the receiver output. A quantity that gives relative
strength of the signal to noise is called signal to noise ratio (SNR).

 SNR in decibel (dB) = 10 log 10 (signal energy/noise energy)


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Input and output transducers

14

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Cont…
15

 The input transducer converts the information to be transmitted to


its electrical equivalent message signal. The input information can
be speech, image, and video.
 Microphone is an input transducer which converts audio input like
speech to an electrical signal.
 The output transducer converts electrical input to a form of
message required by user, e.g. speech, image, video, etc.
 The loud speaker is an example of output transducer where
electrical input is converted to an audio output.

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cont…
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What makes a Communication System GOOD?


 We can measure the “GOODNESS” of a communication system in many

ways:
 How close is the estimate to the original signal m(t)

 Better estimate = higher quality transmission


 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for analog m(t)
 Bit Error Rate (BER) for digital m(t)
 How much power is required to transmit s (t)?

 Lower power = longer battery life, less interference


 How much bandwidth B is required to transmit s (t)?

 Less B means more users can share the channel


 How much information is transmitted?

 In analog systems information is related to B of m (t).


 In digital systems information is expressed in bits/sec
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Bandwidth requirements

17

 Bandwidth is the portion, frequency range occupied by a signal. More specifically


it is the difference between the upper and lower frequency limits of the signal.
Figure 1.8 shows the bandwidth of the voice signal which ranges from 300 Hz to
3000 Hz. The upper frequency is F2 and lower frequency is F1.There for the
bandwidth is given as:
Bandwidth (BW) = F2 - F1 =3000 - 300 = 2700 Hz
 The bandwidth required for transmission of various signals is different for each
signal. It basically depends upon on the bandwidth occupied by the modulating
signal

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Electromagnetic bands with typical applications
18

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Cont…
19

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A few popular frequency bands

20

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Some milestones in the history of electrical communications

21

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