Internet Programming

Chapter Six

Data Base Manipulation

using PHP

1 IS Demeke A. 05/11/2024
 Introduction to MySQL

MySQL is the most popular open source database

server.
Database is an organized collection of data.
A database defines a structure for storing information.
Database stores data in tables.
Tables are composed of rows, and rows are composed
of columns in which values are stored(cells).
A row of a table represents a record, and a column of a
table represents the value of a single attribute of the
record.
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 Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables.
Each table has a name (e.g. "Customers" or"Orders").
Below is an example of a table called "Persons":

First Name Last Name Age

Abebe Chala 33
Belachewu Abex 56
Hana Alemu 23

Each table contains records (rows) with data.

The table above contains three records (one for each
person) and three columns (LastName, FirstName, age).

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 Queries
 A query is a question or a request.

 With MySQL, we can query a database for specific information

and have a record set returned. Last Name

 Look at the following query: Chala

Abex
SELECT LastName FROM Persons Astu

 The query above selects all the data in the LastName column in

the Persons table, and will return a record set like this:

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 Connecting to a MySQL Database
 Before you can access and work with data in a database, you
must create a connection to the database.
 In PHP, this is done with the mysqli_connect() function.
 Syntax
mysqli_connect(servername,username,password);
 Parameter Description
Server name Specifies the server to connect to. Default value is
"localhost:3306"
Username Specifies the username to log in with. Default value is
the name of the user that owns the server process
Password Specifies the password to log in with. Default is ""
 Note: There are more available parameters, but the ones listed
above are the most important.
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 Example
In the following example we store the connection in a
variable ($con) for later use in the script.
The "die" part will be executed if the connection fails:
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost",“root","");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
// some code
?>

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 Closing a Connection
The connection will be closed as soon as the script ends.
To close the connection use the mysqli_close() function.
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost"," root ","");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
// some code
mysqli_close($con);
?>

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 Create a Database
A database holds one or multiple tables.
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a
database in MySQLi.
Syntax
CREATE DATABASE database_name
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use
the mysqli_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQLi connection.

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 Example
 In the following example we create a database called "my_db":
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost"," root ","");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
if (mysqli_query($con,"CREATE DATABASE my_db"))
{
echo "Database created";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating database: " . mysqli_error();
}
mysqli_close($con);
?>
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 Create a Table
 The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a database table in
MySQLi.
 Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
.......
)
 We must add the CREATE TABLE statement to the mysqli_query()
function to execute the command.
 Important: A database must be selected before a table can be created.
 The database is selected with the mysqli_select_db() function.
 Note: When you create a database field of type varchar, you must specify
the maximum length of the field, e.g. varchar(15).
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 Example
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost"," root ","");
if (!$con) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
mysqli_select_db($con ,"my_db");
$sql = "CREATE TABLE person ( FirstName varchar(15),
LastName varchar(15), Age int )";
mysqli_query($con ,$sql);
mysqli_close($con);
?>
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 MySQL Data Types
Numeric Data Description
Types
int(size) Hold integers only. The
smallint(size) maximum number of digits
tinyint(size) can be specified in the size
mediumint(size) parameter
bigint(size)

Hold numbers with fractions.

decimal(size,d) The maximum number of
double(size,d) digits can be specified in the
float(size,d) size parameter.
The maximum number of
digits to the right of the
decimal is
specified in the d parameter
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 MySQL Data Types…
Textual Data Description
Types
char(size) Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
special characters). The fixed size is specified in parenthesis
varchar(size) Holds a variable length string (can contain letters, numbers,
and special characters).
The maximum size is specified in parenthesis
tinytext Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 255
characters
text Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 65535
blob characters
mediumtext Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 16777215
mediumblob characters
longtext Holds a variable string with a maximum length of
longblob 4294967295 characters
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 MySQL Data Types…
Date data type Description
date(yyyy-mm-dd) Holds date and/or time
datetime(yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss)
timestamp(yyyymmddhhmmss)
time(hh:mm:ss)

Collection Data Types Description

enum(value1,value2,ect) ENUM is short for ENUMERATED list. Can
store one up to 65535 values listed within the
() brackets.
set SET is similar to ENUM. However, SET can
have up to 64 list items and can store more
than one choice

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 Primary Keys and Auto Increment Fields
Each table should have a primary key field.
A primary key is used to uniquely identify the rows in a
table.
Each primary key value must be unique within the table.
Furthermore, the primary key field cannot be null.
The primary key field is often an ID number, and is often
used with the AUTO_INCREMENT setting.
 AUTO_INCREMENT - automatically increases the value
of the field by 1 each time a new record is added.
To ensure that the primary key field cannot be null, we
must add the NOT NULL setting to the field.
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 Example
The following example sets the personID field as the
primary key field.
$sql = "CREATE TABLE person
(
personID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
PRIMARY KEY(personID),
FirstName varchar(15),
LastName varchar(15),
Age int
)";
mysqli_query($con,$sql);
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 Insert Data Into a Database Table
 The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a
database table.
 Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,....)
 You can also specify the columns where you want to insert the data:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
 Note: SQL statements are not case sensitive.
INSERT INTO is the same as insert into.
 To get PHP to execute the statements above we must use the
mysqli_query() function.
 This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQLi
connection.

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 Example
 The following example adds two new records to the
"Person" table:
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost",“root","");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
mysqli_select_db($con ,"my_db");
mysqli_query("INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES (abebe’, chala', '35')");
mysqli_query("INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES ('Glenn', 'Quagmire', '33')");
mysqli_close($con);
?>
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 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database
 Now we will create an HTML form that can be used to add new
records to the "Person" table.

<html>
<body>
<form action="insert.php" method="post">
Firstname: <input type="text" name="firstname" />
Lastname: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
19 IS Demeke A. 05/11/2024
 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database…
When a user clicks the submit button in the HTML
form in the example above, the form data is sent to
"insert.php".
The "insert.php" file connects to a database, and
retrieves the values from the form with the PHP
$_POST variables.
Then, the mysqli_query() function executes the
INSERT INTO statement, and a new record will be
added to the database table.
Below is the code in the "insert.php" page:

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 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database…
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
mysqli_select_db($con ,"my_db");
$sql="INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES ('$_POST[firstname]','$_POST[lastname]','$_POST[age]')";
if (!mysqli_query($con ,$sql))
{
die('Error: ' . mysqli_error());
}
echo "1 record added";
mysqli_close($con)
?>
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 Select Data From a Database Table
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a
database.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must
use the mysqli_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

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 Example
 The following example selects all the data stored in the "Person" table
(The * character selects all of the data in the table):
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost",“root","");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
mysqli_select_db($con ,"my_db");
$result = mysqli_query("SELECT * FROM person");
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysqli_close($con);
?>

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 Example…
 The example above stores the data returned by the
mysqli_query() function in the $result variable.
 Next, we use the mysql_fetch_array() function to return the first
row from the recordset as an array.
 Each subsequent call to mysqli_fetch_array() returns the next
row in the recordset.
 The while loop loops through all the records in the recordset.
 To print the value of each row, we use the PHP $row variable
($row['FirstName'] and $row['LastName']).
 The output of the code above will be:

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 Display the Result in an HTML Table
HTML table: <th>Lastname</th>
<?php </tr>";
$con = while($row =
mysql_connect("localhost","peter","ab mysql_fetch_array($result))
c123"); {
if (!$con) echo "<tr>";
{ echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] .
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); "</td>";
} echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>";
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); echo "</tr>";
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * } First Name Last Name
FROM person"); echo "</table>";
Abebe Yonas
echo "<table border='1'> mysql_close($con);
<tr> Belachewu Kedir
?>
<th>Firstname</th> Hana Temesgen

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 The WHERE clause
 To select data that matches a specific criteria, add a WHERE clause to
the SELECT statement.
 Syntax
SELECT column FROM table
WHERE column operator value
 The following operators can be used with the WHERE clause:

Operator Description
= Equal
!= Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LKE Search for a pattern
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 The WHERE clause…
Note: SQL statements are not case sensitive.
WHERE is the same as where.
To get PHP to execute the statement we must use the
mysqli_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

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 Example
 The following example will select all rows from the "Person" table, where
FirstName=abe':
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost",“root","");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
mysql_selecti_db($con,"my_db");
$result = mysqli_query("SELECT * FROM person WHERE FirstName=abe'");
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";
}
?>

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 The ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data in a
recordset.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name

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 Example
 The following example selects all the data stored in the "Person" table,
and sorts the result by the "Age" column:
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
mysqli_select_db($con ,"my_db");
$result = mysqli_query("SELECT * FROM person ORDER BY age");
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'];
echo " " . $row['LastName'];
echo " " . $row['Age'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($con);
?>
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 Sort Ascending or Descending
If you use the ORDER BY keyword, the sort-order of
the recordset is ascending by default (1 before 9 and
"a" before "p").
Use the DESC keyword to specify a descending sort-
order (9 before 1 and "p" before "a"):
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC

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 Order by Two Columns
It is possible to order by more than one column.
When ordering by more than one column, the second
column is only used if the values in the first column
are identical:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name1, column_name2

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 Update Data In a Database
The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in a
database table.
Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = new_value
WHERE column_name = some_value
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must
use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

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 Example
 The following example updates some data in the "Person"
table:
<?php
First
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost",“root",""); Last Age
Name Name
if (!$con)
Abebe Yonas 36
{
Belachewu Kedir 56
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
Hana Temesgen 23
}
mysqli_select_db($con ,"my_db");
mysqli_query("UPDATE Person SET Age = '36'
WHERE FirstName = ‘Abebe' AND LastName = ‘Yonas'");
mysqli_close($con);
?>
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 Delete Data In a Database
The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete
records from a database table.
Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = some_value
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must
use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

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 Example
The following example deletes all the records in the
"Person" table where LastName=‘Yonas':
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost",“root","");
if (!$con) First Last Age
{ Name Name
Belachew
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error()); Kedir 56
u
}
Hana Temesgen 23
mysqli_select_db($con ,"my_db");
mysqli_query("DELETE FROM Person WHERE
LastName=‘Yonas'");
mysqli_close($con);
?>
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