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Lenses

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23 views26 pages

Lenses

Uploaded by

tagijip981
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LENSES

PREPARED BY: L. GREEN


How do we use
lenses?
•List the ways in which we use
lenses.
HOW DO WE
USE LENSES?
•Lenses are a part of our
everyday life and can be found
in:
• glasses (correction lens),
• cameras,
• photocopying machines,
• microscopes,
• telescopes,
• projectors
WHAT IS A
LENS?
• A lens is any glass, or other
refractive medium with two
opposite faces, at least one
of which is curved.

• There are two basic types of


lenses
TYPES OF LENS
Converging lens are those
that are thicker in the middle
than at the edges and are
called convex lens.
They can be
I. bi-convex
II. plano-convex
III. converging (positive)
meniscus
TYPES OF LENS
Diverging lens are thinner
in the middle than at the
edges. They are called
concave lenses.
They can be
I. bi-concave
II. plano-concave
III. diverging (negative)
Converging and Diverging Properties of Lenses
● Converging lens will cause
parallel beams of light to
converge (bring together)
through a single point.
● This single point is called
the focal point (as shown).
This can be dangerous and
should be done under
supervision.
•This phenomenon can be demonstrated, using a
magnifying glass.
•You may have had your own experiences. You can
use a magnifying glass to focus the light rays from
the sun on a piece of paper or leaf (at the focal
point). If you assume this position long enough,
you should be able to ignite the leaf or even get it
to smoke.
Converging and Diverging Properties of Lenses
● Diverging lens will cause
parallel beams of light to
diverge (spread out)
● The rays will appear to
come from a single point.
TWO FOCAL POINTS
Note that because light rays can incident from both directions on converging
or diverging lens:

● These lens would have two FOCAL POINTS or principal foci,

● one on either side of the lens (left and right).


REAL AND VIRTUAL IMAGES
● The focal points of a converging lens are REAL since light rays actually
pass through these points, while

● The focal points of a diverging lens are VIRTUAL since light rays only
appear to come from these points.
Complete the Lens Vocabulary section
LENS VOCABULARY
The optical
center is the
point in the lens
through which all
rays will pass
without any
deviation.
LENS VOCABULARY
The Principal axis
is an imaginary
line
perpendicular to
the lens and
which runs
through the
optical center.
LENS VOCABULARY
Focal point or
principal focus of the
converging lens is
where the image is
found on the screen.
It is point on the principal axis
to which rays parallel to the
principal axis converge after
refraction or
seem to come, on leaving lens
for converging and diverging
LENS VOCABULARY
Focal length is
the distance
between the
optical center
and the focal
point.
(ie.distance
between the
optical centre and
the image on the
screen)
LENS VOCABULARY
Focal plane the
plane
perpendicular
to the principal
axis and passes
through the
principal axis.
MAGNIFICATION
•Sometimes images formed by both types of lens are
bigger than the objects and we say they are magnified.

•Linear magnification (m) is the factor by which the


size of the object has been magnified by the lens in a
direction perpendicular to the principal axis.

•It is calculated by:

• dividing the image height (I) by the object


height (O) or
• dividing the image distance (v) by the object
distance (u)

•m = I/O = v/u
How to determine the focal length of a converging lens
Aim: to determine the focal length of a converging lens. Procedure:
➔ Place lens in holder and position at center of paper sheet placed on
Apparatus: thin converging lens, lens holder, light beam and surface
screen, suitable surface, paper sheets, meter rule ➔ Focus narrow beam of light near the center of the lens
➔ Place screen on other side of lens and move until pinpoint of light is
seen. Note that you may have to shift the light source slightly towards
Diagram: or away from the screen to get the sharp focus.
➔ Measure the distances from- light source to lens (object distance, u)
and image/position to lens (image distance, v)

Results and calculation:

Determine the focal length, f, of the lens by using the relationship:

1/u + 1/v = 1/f

Detemine the magnification using the relationship:

m = v/u
Recall:

1/f = 1/u + 1/v ; m = v/u = I/O


Note:
u (distance of object from lens) is positive, + if nature of object is
real and negative, -ve, if nature is virtual
v (distance of image from lens) is positive, + if real and negative –
ve, if virtual.
f (focal length) is positive for convex lens and negative for concave
lens.
TRY THESE!!!
1. An Object of height 2.0 cm, placed 40 cm in front of a convex lens, produces
an image of height 8.0 cm. Determine:
a. The magnification, m.
b. The distance of the image from the lens, v.

2. An ant is placed 5.0 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 12 cm. State
the nature of the image formed and determine its position relative to the
lens, v.

3. If the lens in question 2 is replaced by a concave one, what is the new nature
and position of the image?
RAY DIAGRAMS TO SHOW HOW A SINGLE LENS CAN BE USED AS :

(a) A magnifying glass


RAY DIAGRAMS TO SHOW HOW A SINGLE LENS CAN BE USED AS :

(b) A single lens camera


RAY DIAGRAMS TO SHOW HOW A SINGLE LENS CAN BE USED AS :

( c) A projector
•Light rays are capable of reflecting and
refracting.
•

•REFLECTION is the bouncing of light rays


from objects while REFRACTION is the
bending of light rays.
•

Summary •The action of lens depends on the


refraction of light.
•

Magnification = image distance/ object


•

distance
• = image
height/object height.
A virtual image is formed by
A real image can be formed
the intersection of virtual rays
on a screen while virtual
while real images are formed
images cannot be formed on
by the intersection of real
a screen.
rays.

Constructing the paths of rays


Virtual images are upright

Summary
as they refract helps us to
while real images are
understand how lens work.
inverted.
(constructing ray diagrams).

Single lens can be used in the


design of optical instruments
such as projectors, single lens
cameras and magnifying
glass.

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