RMIT University
School of Engineering
MIET1081 - Advanced Thermal-Fluid
Mechanics
05 Convection: Flow
over cylinders
Thursday 7st April 2016
RMIT University
School of Engineering
Reminders MIET1081 (2016)
Assignment B was due April 6th at 5pm
Mid-Semester Class Test Thursday 14th April 1.30pm during Lecture
Monday 25th April is a public holiday. There is a make up computer lab for the missed session
running on 28th April 11:00 to 12:00
Check your university email regularly - [email protected]
Accessing files in this course - use your student email account with google!
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Accessing files in this course MIET1081 (2016)
use your student email
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[email protected] RMIT University
School of Engineering
Mid Semester Test MIET1081 (2016)
Thursday 14th April 1.30pm during Lecture
Part A (14 marks) → Multiple choice questions
Part B (41 marks) → Short answer questions testing theory and conceptual understanding (e.g. why is there
sometimes a negative sign in conduction equation)
Part C (45 marks) → Numerical question covering thermal resistance network and flow over flat plates. Show
all calculations.
Cover Sheet and Formula Sheet >> found in Assessments folder and via this link:
https://drive.google.com/a/rmit.edu.au/file/d/0BwAlFN2vRyxTMTV1S0tDa0oyYm8/view?usp=sharing
Sample test with solutions >> found in Assessments folder, and via this link:
https://drive.google.com/a/rmit.edu.au/file/d/0BwAlFN2vRyxTSUp6Q2hRWjQ0dXc/view?usp=sharing
Topics tested include everything covered during the Lectures, Tutorials, and Computer Labs in Week 1-Week 4
(e.g. Conduction, and Convection over flat plates).
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Topics we have covered MIET1081 (2016)
Week 1 Week 2
What is thermal fluid science? What is heat flux concept?
What is the difference between thermodynamics, fluid What is thermal resistance concept?
mechanics, heat transfer? What is thermal resistance network – series and
What is the relationship between thermodynamics, parallel?
fluid mechanics, heat transfer? How to calculate thermal resistance in multi-layer
What are the modes of heat transfer walls.
What is conduction heat transfer? How does it work? What is thermal contact resistance?
What is convection heat transfer? How does it work? What is the heat conduction equation – 1D, 2D,
How does conduction in gas, liquid, solids work? 3D, steady state, transient, no heat generation
What is Fourier’s law of conduction? What are boundary conditions in heat conduction
What is thermal conductivity? equation?
What is thermal diffusivity? Conduction in cylinders
What is thermal mass? Resistance network in multi-layer cylinders.
What is the critical radius of insulation?
What is the conduction shape factor?
How do you use conduction shape factor tables?
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Topics we have covered MIET1081 (2016)
Week 3 Week 4
What is pressure, static, dynamic, total? What are the physical mechanisms of convection?
What is dynamic similarity What is convection heat transfer?
What are dimensionless numbers? What is the no-slip condition?
What is drag, and lift? What is the boundary layer?
What is pressure and friction coefficient? How does forced convection occur?
What is flow separation? What is the Nu number?
What happens in flows over curved surfaces? How does the flow develop over a flat plate?
What happens in laminar and turbulent boundary What is a thermal boundary layer?
layers? What is the Pr number?
What is vortex shedding? What is the Nu number profile over a flat plate?
What happens to boundary layers in flow over
cylinders?
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Your questions MIET1081 (2016)
In turbulent flow, where there is greater Why does the heat transfer coefficient increase
momentum transfer between "layers" in a so drastically in transition region?
flow, that the velocity gradient is higher and
thus a greater shear stress.
If there is greater momentum transfer, then
shouldn't the layers become more similar in
velocity?
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Flow over cylinders MIET1081 (2016)
Force Convection over Curved
Surface
Relation between Flow Separation
and Convective Heat Transfer
Nusselt number Variation under
Different Flow Reynolds Number
Flow Visualizations and Examples
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Flow separation MIET1081 (2016)
Conduction and convection both require the presence
of a material medium but convection requires
fluid motion.
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Airfoils MIET1081 (2016)
The loss in pressure in the separated flow region behind solid bodies causes an imbalance between the upstream
and downstream forces, contributing greatly to an increased net drag force.
In the case of streamlined airfoils at low angle of attack, separation occurs only at the tip, with minimal losses. As
the angle of attack increases, the separation point moves upstream, leading to increased drag
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Delaying flow separation MIET1081 (2016)
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MIET1081 (2016)
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SWINGING CRICKET BALLS
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SWINGING CRICKET BALLS
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Flow separation MIET1081 (2016)
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Boundary layer separation MIET1081 (2016)
Wind-tunnel tests on spinning
cricket balls show that the
maximum side force is
generated at about 70 mph with
the seam angled at 20 degrees
and the ball spinning
backwards at 11
Don’t bowl too fast! Keep a laminar revolutions/second.
boundary layer at the bottom side
(etween about 48kph and 112kph)
Critical Reynolds
number occurs around
128kph
Rabindra (Rabi) Mehta - http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/258645.html
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MIET1081 (2016)
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Ball tampering MIET1081 (2016)
“I was just being lazy, because it was 40
degrees C.” (2010)
Sth Africa vs Pakistan 2013
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“I was trying to smell the ball”, (2010) "dirt in pocket" affair, 1994
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Fluid Dynamics Everywhere! MIET1081 (2016)
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Back to MIET1081 MIET1081 (2016)
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Local Nusselt number over cylinder MIET1081 (2016)
How does the local Nusselt number vary with θ How does the local Nusselt number vary with
for a laminar flow e.g. Re < 2 × 105 ? θ for a turbulent flow e.g. Re > 2 × 10 5 ?
What conditions are associated with maxima What conditions are associated with maxima
and minima in this variation? and minima in this variation?
Flows across cylinders and spheres, in general, involve flow
separation, which is difficult to handle analytically.
Flow across cylinders and spheres has been studied
experimentally by numerous investigators, and several empirical
correlations have been developed for the heat transfer
coefficient.
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Nu number variation across cylinder MIET1081 (2016)
Stagnation point → Nu relatively high
Laminar Flows, Re < 105
𝛳 ≅ 80o → local minimum, this is the separation point
𝛳 > 80o → additional mixing caused by the wake flow
High Reynolds number, Re > 10 5
𝛳 ≅ 90o → local minimum
90o < 𝛳 < 120o → transition from laminar to turbulent flow
120o < 𝛳 < 140o → boundary layer development
𝛳 ≅ 140o → local minimum, separation point
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𝛳 > 140o → additional mixing caused by the wake flow
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Nu number variation across cylinder MIET1081 (2016)
Constants C and m are given
in the table.
The relations for cylinders above are for single cylinders or
cylinders oriented such that the flow over them is not affected by
the presence of others. They are applicable to smooth surfaces.
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More correlations MIET1081 (2016)
Flow over cylinder The fluid properties are
evaluated at the film
temperature
Churchhill & Bernstein correlation
Flow a sphere
The fluid properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature T∞, except for μs, which is evaluated at
the surface temperature Ts.
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Tube bank heat exchangers MIET1081 (2016)
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Tube bank arrangements MIET1081 (2016)
Inline arrangement
Staggered arrangement
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Inline arrangement MIET1081 (2016)
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Temperature contours MIET1081 (2016)
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Staggered arrangement MIET1081 (2016)
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MIET1081 (2016)
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MIET1081 (2016)
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General considerations MIET1081 (2016)
How do convection coefficients vary In-Line: After the first few rows, no
from row-to-row in an array? significant change in turbulent and heat
transfer coefficient
How do flow conditions differ between
the two configurations? Staggered: After the first row,
turbulence level increases increase heat
transfer
Comments:
a) Staggered tube banks increase turbulence, heat transfer rate
b) However, increase flow resistance or pressure drop but energy
c) Optimization design
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Example Problem 1 MIET1081 (2016)
A stainless steel ball (ρ = 8055 kg/m3, Cp = 480
J/kg C) of diameter D = 15cm is removed from an
oven at a uniform temperature of 350 oC. The ball is
then subjected to the flow of air at 1 atm pressure
and 30oC with a velocity of 6 m/s. The surface
temperature of the ball eventually drops to 250 oC.
Determine the average convection heat transfer
coefficient during this cooling process and estimate
how long this process has taken.
The average surface temperature is (350+250)/2 =
300°C. The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and
the free stream temperature of 30°C are (Table A-22)
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MIET1081 (2016)
For flow over a sphere
The fluid properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature T∞, except for μs, which is evaluated at the surface
temperature Ts.
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The average rate of heat transfer can be determined from Newton's law of cooling by using average surface RMIT University School
temperature of the ball of Engineering
MIET1081 (2016)
Assuming the ball temperature to be nearly uniform, the total heat transferred from the ball during the cooling from 350°C to 250°C can
be determined from
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Example Problem 2 MIET1081 (2016)
Investigate the effect of air velocity on the average convection heat transfer
coefficient and the cooling time. Let the air velocity vary from 1 m/s to 10 m/s. Plot
the heat transfer coefficient and the cooling time as a function of air velocity, and
discuss the results:
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MIET1081 (2016)
As V increases, Re increases, which
increases h non-linearly
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