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Engineering 7878

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Kanan Hagverdi
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18 views15 pages

Engineering 7878

Uploaded by

Kanan Hagverdi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Subject: Engineering

Engineering is the creative application of science,


mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the
innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance
of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems,
processes, and organizations for the benefit of humankind.
The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range
of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a
more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied
mathematics, applied science, and types of application.
See glossary of engineering.
Definition
The creative application of scientific
principles to design or develop
structures, machines, apparatus, or
manufacturing processes, or works
utilizing them singly or in
combination; or to construct or
operate the same with full
cognizance of their design; or to
forecast their behavior under
specific operating conditions; all as
respects an intended function,
economics of operation and safety
to life and property.
History
Relief map of the Citadel of Lille,
designed in 1668 by Vauban, the
foremost military engineer of his
age. Engineering has existed since
ancient times, when humans
devised inventions such as the
wedge, lever, wheel and pulley.
The term engineering is derived
from the word engineer, which
itself dates back to 1390 when an
engine'er (literally, one who
operates an engine) referred to "a
constructor of military engines." In
this context, now obsolete, an
"engine" referred to a military
machine, i.e., a mechanical
contraption used in war (for
example, a catapult).
Notable examples of the
obsolete usage which
have survived to the
present day are military
engineering corps, e.g.,
the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers.
The word "engine" itself is of even older origin, ultimately
deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning "innate
quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention."
Later, as the design of civilian structures,
such as bridges and buildings, matured
as a technical discipline, the term civil
engineering entered the lexicon as a
way to distinguish between those
specializing in the construction of such
non-military projects and those involved
in the discipline of military engineering.
Ancient era
The Ancient Romans built aqueducts to
bring a steady supply of clean and fresh
water to cities and towns in the empire.
The pyramids in Egypt, the Acropolis and
the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman
aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum,
Teotihuacán, the Great Wall of China, the
Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur,
among many others, stand as a
testament to the ingenuity and skill of
ancient civil and military engineers.
Other monuments, no longer standing,
such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon,
and the Pharos of Alexandria were
important engineering achievements of
their time and were considered among
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Renaissance era
The first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas
Savery. The development of this device gave rise to the
Industrial Revolution in the coming decades, allowing for
the beginnings of mass production.
With the rise of engineering as a
profession in the 18th century, the term
became more narrowly applied to fields
in which mathematics and science were
applied to these ends. Similarly, in
addition to military and civil
engineering, the fields then known as
the mechanic arts became incorporated
into engineering.
Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering is the application of physics, chemistry,
biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical
processes on a commercial scale, such as the manufacture of
commodity chemicals, specialty chemicals, petroleum refining,
microfabrication, fermentation, and biomolecule production.
Civil engineering
Civil engineering is the design and construction of public and private works, such as
infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply, and treatment etc.), bridges,
tunnels, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of
sub-disciplines, including structural engineering, environmental engineering, and
surveying. It is traditionally considered to be separate from military engineering.
Thank you for your attention

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