DRILLING AND COMPLETION
DRILLING AND COMPLETION
PRESENTED BY
NGAAH FONASAFF INGRID
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
I- DRILLING
Drilling is the process of digging a hole in the ground. This is done to access and extract
resources from the ground like water, natural gas or oil. It can also be used to inject fluids
underground or to study the makeup of th Earth’s layers.
Types of drilling
• Rotary drilling: a drilling method in which a hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a
downward force is applied. The bit is fastened to and rotated by the drill stem which also
provides a passageway through which the drilling fluid is circulated.
• Percussive drilling:here, a hammering bit is attached to a long cable that is then lowered
into a wide open hole
• Rotary-percussive drilling: the drill principle consists of a combination of percussion and
rotation.
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
DRILLING EQUIPMENTS
Drill bit: The drill bit is the cutting tool at the bottom of the drill string
that cuts into the rock to create the borehole.
Drill pipe: The drill pipe is the long, hollow tube that connects the
surface equipment to the drill bit and is used to pump drilling fluid to
the bit.
Drill collar: The drill collar is a thick-walled, heavy piece of pipe
located above the drill bit that helps to maintain the weight on the bit
and prevent the drill pipe from bending.
Rotary table: A large circular mechanical device that is used to rotate
the drill string and provide the necessary torque to turn the drill bit.
Derrick: Also known as the drill mast. It’s the large, vertical structure
that supports the drilling line and other equipment at the surface.
Mud pump: It is used to pump drilling fluid (or mud) down the drill
pipe and out of the drill bit, helping to cool and lubricate the bit and
carry cuttings to the surface.
Mud pit: The mud pit is used to store and mix the drilling fluid that is
used in the drilling process.
Example of a drilling rig
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
Degasser: This tool
Top drive: This is a removes the entrained gas Blow Out Preventer(BOP):During drilling, oil can
motor suspended within the drilling fluid or come out of the oil well under high pressure. This can
from the derrick; it’s mud to reduce hydrostatic be disastrous if the operator doesn’t control the
responsible for pressure. There are two pressure. But with the blowout preventer, the
turning the drill types: centrifugal uncontrollable release of natural crude oil from the oil
string and enhancing degasser and vacuum well can be controlled to safety. It has an industrial ball
the process of drilling degasser. The centrifugal valve that can close the fluid flow.
a borehole into the degasser is less efficient
ground. than the former.
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
TYPES OF DRILLING PROFILES
We have three(3) main oil drilling profiles:
• Vertical drilling
• Horizontal drilling
• Directional drilling
Example of vertical and horizontal drilling Example of directional drilling
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
DRILLING OPERATIONS
The process starts with drilling a large diameter hole. Depending on the ground conditions, a jet bit or
conventional drill bit might be used. As the well gets deeper, progressively smaller diameter holes are
drilled. This allows for stronger and smaller casing strings to be inserted as pressure increases
downhole.
Drilling rigs use drilling “bits” in order to drill the hole deeper. The bits are connected to the surface via
high strength steel “drill pipe” that allows lubricating “drilling mud” to be pumped down to the bit and
also for torque to be transmitted from the rig. Once back at surface the mud, the mud is used to
recondition the mud back to its original spec before being pumped back into the well. The drilling mud is
required to cool and lubricate the bit, support the bore hole, hold back formation fluids, remove drilled
cuttings from the bottom and transport the cuttings back to surface. A well is drilled in sections, the
lengths of which are determined primarily by the magnitude of the formation pressure at the bottom of
a section compared with the fracture pressure at the top. Once a section has been drilled, steel pipe
known as “casing” is run into the well and cemented in place. At the very top of the well an adaptor
(called a wellhead) allows pressure control equipment to be connected to the well. Once a well has been
drilled to its target depth, the reservoir – if present, can be evaluated using specialist well logging tools
or subjected to more extensive testing in the form of a “well test”.
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
Conductor casing are cemented to
prevent drilling fluids from circulating
outside the case and causing surface
erosion
Surface casing are cemented to
prevent hydrocarbons from polluting
fresh water zones, anchors blow-out
preventers and support deeper casings
Intermediate casing are cemented to
isolate formations which might
breakdown and cause a loss of
circulation in the well
Production casing are cemented to
stop oil from migrating to thief zones
and to prevent the sloughing of
formations causing a decrease in
productivity
Production liner ensures that only
hydrocarbons from the target reservoir
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flows into the well.
DRILLING AND COMPLETION
II- COMPLETION
In simple terms, the term “well completion” refers to methods by which a drilled well can be finalized so
that reservoir fluids can be produced to surface production facilities efficiently and safely. To a large extent,
the successful production and depletion of a reservoir depends upon the successful completion and
workover operations applied to a well.
In order to choose the best well completion design, many factors are taken into consideration:
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
TYPES OF COMPLETION
LOWER COMPLETION
UPPER COMPLETION
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
COMPLETION EQUIPMENTS
The design of a completion string involves the selection of
components that perform specific functions and these functions are
dependent on the philosophy of the operating company.
Completion strings have basic functional requirements:
• To provide optimum flowing conditions
• To protect the casing from well fluids
• To contain reservoir pressure in an emergency
• To enable downhole chemical injections
• To enable routine downhole operations
• To enable the well to be put in a safe condition after removing
the production conduit
The figure 1 shows us an example of completion string
Figure 1
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
COMPLETION PROCESS
Well perforating Running completion
Well cleaning
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Installing Christmas tree
DRILLING AND COMPLETION
REFERENCES
• UH+Final+Presentation+1_Sept+9%2C+2013_Printing.pdf
• https://www.norwelledge.com/uploads/files/1570194319IntrotoDrilling_Oct2019.pdf
• https://www.dombor.com/list-of-oil-drilling-equipment/
• Completion.pdf
• Wekl completion.pdf
• Well completion design by Jonathan BELLARBY
• /98100281-Completion-Design.pdf
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION
THANK YOU !!!
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