Network Vs Internet

• examine data communications and computer Networks

• Define: Network

• Internetwork and internet

• Internet(global community, social interaction, online community, increases productivity)

• Examine human versus network communication and see the parallels between them.

• Be introduced to the two major models used to plan and implement networks: OSI and TCP/IP

• Gain an understanding of the "layered" approach to networks.

• Examine the OSI and TCP/IP layers in detail to understand their functions and services.

• Become familiar with the various network devices and network addressing schemes.
 Network Vs Internet

• Define Network and Internet?

• The Internet is a computer network that interconnects hundreds of millions of computing devices

throughout the world.

• Computer networks: devices that are being hooked up to the Internet.

• A network is basically all of the components (hardware and software) involved in

connecting computers across small and large distances.
• Components of network :
• End devices

• Intermediary Devices (Networking Devices)

• Media (channels) or cabling

• Services
 Cont’d.
•
 Terminologies

• Network Interface Card -

• A NIC, or LAN adapter, provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other
end device. The media that are connecting the PC to the networking device, plug directly
into the NIC (Figure 2).

• Physical Port -

• A connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to an end

device or another networking device.

• Interface -

• Specialized ports on a networking device that connect to individual networks. Because

routers are used to interconnect networks, the ports on a router are referred to as network
interfaces.
 Cont’d.
• Describe how do you get access to the internet?

ISPs provide a variety of types of network access to the end systems, including residential
broadband access such as cable modem or DSL, high-speed local area network access,
wireless access, and 56 kbps dial-up modem access.
• How end systems can communicate with each other over the internet

• End systems, packet switches, and other pieces of the Internet run protocols that
control the sending and receiving of information within the Internet.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)

The exact amount of traffic being carried in the Internet now a days?
 Examples of Topology
 A topology defines how the devices are connected.

 When you are cabling up your computers and networking devices, various types of topologies

can be used.
 Topologies

 two devices can directly communicate without interference from other devices.

 These types of connections are not common when many devices need to be connected
together.

 device one connects to device two, device two connects

to device three, and so on to the last device, which connects back to device one.

 Dual rings are typically used when you need redundancy.

 For example, if one of the devices fails in the ring, the ring can wrap itself to provide a single,
functional, ring.
 Topologies

 star topology

 In a star topology, a central device has many point-to-point connections to other

devices.
 Star topologies are used in environments where many devices need to be connected.

 When connecting devices together, you connect your computers to a hub or switch (the
center of the star).
 An extended star topology is basically multiple star topologies interconnected.
 Topologies

 A bus topology

 uses a single connection or wire to connect all devices.

 Certain media types, like 10Base5 and 10Base2 Ethernet, use a bus topology.

 A point-to-point topology

 A point-to-point topology has a single connection between two devices.

 Topologies

 Examples of Partial and Full meshed Topologies

• partial and full mesh can be seen from both a physical view and a logical one.
• Example physical bus topology. Is it Partial or full meshed topology ?
 Topologies

• Bus topology is both a physical and logical fully meshed topology.

• common in LAN topologies.

• WANs, on the other hand, because of their cost, commonly use partially meshed topologies to
reduce the cost of connected devices.

• Drawbacks
• Fully meshed –cost

• Partial meshed--delay

• Advantages ?
 Topologies

 Physical Versus Logical Topologies

 A physical topology describes how devices are physically cabled together.

 A logical topology describes how devices communicate across the physical

topology.

 Meshing
 Meshing generically describes how devices are connected together.

 partial and

 full.
 Topologies

 Physical Versus Logical Topologies


 Cont’d.

 A packet switch takes a packet arriving on one of its incoming communication

links and forwards that packet on one of its outgoing communication links.

 The two most prominent types in packet switches in today’s Internet are

 link-layer switches (Access Network)

 Routers (Core Network)

Access Network- the network that physically connects an end system to the first router (also
known as the “edge router”) on a path from the end system to any
other distant end system.

Core Network- the mesh of packet switches and links that interconnects the Internet’s end
systems.
 Network Types
• LANs(Local Area Networks)
• WANs (Wide Area Networks)
• Metropolitan area networks (MANs)
• Storage area networks (SANs)
• Content networks (CNs)
• Intranets and extranets
• VPNs and others
 Network Types

• LANs
• Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking devices that are in a
very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building itself, or a campus
environment.

• In a LAN, you’ll find PCs, file servers, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, multilayer switches,
voice gateways, firewalls, and other devices.

• The infrastructure for a LAN is owned by the organization.

• The media types

• Ethernet, Fast Ethernet (FE), Gigabit Ethernet (GE), Token Ring, and FDDI.
 Network Types

• WANs
• Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together.

• Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large
distance.

• Leased from carrier networks, such as telephone companies.

• Four basic types of connections, or circuits, are used in WAN services:

• circuit switched (ATM and SMDS ),

• cell-switched (ATM and SMDS ),

• packet-switched (Frame Relay and X.25 ), and

 Network Types

 MANs
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN.

 Like a WAN, it connects two or more LANs in the same geographic area.
 connect two different buildings or offices in the same city.

 However, whereas WANs typically provide low- to medium-speed access, MANs

provide high-speed connections, such as T1 (1.544 Mbps) and optical services.
 Network Types

 SANs
 Storage area networks (SANs) provide a high-speed infrastructure to move data
between storage devices and file servers.

 A storage device, sometimes referred to as a storage unit, includes disk drives,

disk controllers, and any necessary cabling like Fiber channels .

 The advantages of separating the storage device from the file services are more
flexibility and centralization of storage, which eases management.
 Network Types

 Content Networks (CNs)

 Were developed to ease users’ access to Internet resources. How?

 CNs are aware of layers 4–7 of the OSI Reference Model and use this information
to make intelligent decisions about how to obtain the information for the user or
users.

 Companies deploy basically two types of CNs:

 Caching downloaded Internet information

 Distributing Internet traffic loads across multiple servers

 Network Types

 Content Networks (CNs)

 For the first item, CNs are used to reduce the amount of bandwidth that you need for your
users’ Internet connections.

 When users download content, it is cached on a local server. And then when a user make
another request, that request is first checked with the local server to determine if the content
exists there.

 If it does, the local server sends the information to the user, thus providing higher data rates,
since the client is acquiring its information from the LAN instead of having to download it
again from the Internet.

 What if it doesn’t exist on the local server (Proxy Server)?

 Network Types

 Content Networks (CNs)

 CNs are also used to reduce the overhead for external users that want to access internal
resources in your network.

 With the introduction of CNs, you can distribute the traffic load from external users across
multiple internal servers, thus reducing network congestion to the servers and reducing the
resources required to handle the external users’ requests.

 What would be your solution if your web server was overwhelmed with requests from
external users ?

 ISPs also commonly use CNs in their LANs to help reduce some congestion by providing

caching services for commonly accessed web pages.

 Network Types

 Intranets, Extranets, and Internets

 An intranet is basically a network that is local to a company.

 users from within this company can find all of their resources without having to go outside of
the company.

 An intranet can include LANs, private WANs and MANs, and SANs

 An extranet is an extended intranet, where certain internal services are made available to
known external users or external business partners at remote locations.

 The connections between these external users and the internal resource are typically secured
via a firewall and a VPN
 Network Types

 Intranets, Extranets, and Internets

 An internet is used when unknown external users need to access internal resources in your
network.

 your company might have a web site that sells various products, and you want any external
user to be able to access this service.

 The lowercase internet refers to any type of network connection where external users access
publicly available resources.

 The Internet is the main public network that most companies and people use when accessing
external resources.

 Typically, a firewall is used to secure your internal resources from external users.
 Network Types

 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

 a special type of secured network.

 A VPN is used to provide a secure connection across a public network, such as an

internet.

 Extranets typically use a VPN to provide a secure connection between a company

and its known external users or offices.

 A VPN typically provides authentication, confidentiality, and integrity to create a

secure connection between two sites or devices.
 Network Types

 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

 Authentication is provided to validate the identities of the two peers.

 Confidentiality provides encryption of the data to keep it private from prying eyes.

 Integrity is used to ensure that the data sent between the two devices or sites has not been
tampered with.

 Assignment: (20)

 Networks in Our Daily Lives (how networks affects the way we learn, communicate, work, play
and others. Support with practical examples. )
 Identify the components used to established a VPN network and explain how these components can be used to
established the network & the network works ?