Strength of Materials
Prepared by: Rob Christian Caduyac
Stress
Simple Stresses Thin-Walled Pressured Tank
• Axial Stress – caused by axial loads. It can 1. Cylindrical Shape
be tensile or compressive • Tangential/Circumferential Stress
• Shearing Stress – caused by the load on the • Longitudinal Stress
area nearest to and parallel to the load
2. Spherical Shape
• Bearing Stress – caused by the load carried
by a member on the projected area of contact. 3. Tanks with constant Cross-Section
• Tangential Stress:
• Longitudinal Stress:
Stress in Rotating Ring about its Diameter Common alphas:
• For steel:
Thermal Stress – stress caused by the temperature
• For copper:
• Change in Length
• For aluminum:
• Change in Area
• For bronze:
• Change in Volume
Note: is the coefficient of linear thermal expansion Induced Stress – built up stress on the material
and is the coefficient of volume thermal expansion. subjected to change in temperature when there is
no space for thermal expansion.
Strain
Strain – unit deformation of the material. Axial Strain
Stress vs Strain Diagram
Change in Length
Modulus of Resilience – area under the curve
of origin to yield strength.
• From origin to yield strength – stress is
linearly related to strain via Hooke’s Law ()
Modulus of Toughness – area under the curve
• From yield to ultimate strength – strain
of origin to ultimate stress
hardening occurs.
• From ultimate to rupture – necking occurs.
Poisson’s Ratio – property of material which is For Tri-axial Strain
negative ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal
strain.
For Bi-axial Strain:
Dilatation of Dilation
Torsion
Torsion – the angle of deformation due to stress Common polar moment of inertias
from torque. • Solid Circular Shaft
Stress:
• Hollow Circular Shaft
Twist: • Square
wherein is the polar moment of inertia and is • Rectangular Section
the shear modulus.
Power Transmitted: • Maximum Stress
Flanged-Bolt Coupling: • Deformation
For two concentric bolts with same size: • Hooke’s Law:
• Series Springs
Shear Flow in a Thin-Walled Tube
• Parallel Springs
Helical Spring
• Theoretical Stress
Stress and Beam Deflection
Flexural or Bending Stress: • Circle
• Triangle
wherein:
• is the moment (torque)
Maximum moment and common deflections
• is the distance of the point to the moment
• Simply supported beams
• is the moment of inertia
o Load at the center
• is the section modulus
Moment of Inertia for common regions
• Rectangle
Maximum moment and common deflections Maximum moment and common deflections
• Simply supported beams • Cantilever beams
o Load at any point o Load at the end
o Distributed Load o Loat at any point (a is the distance from
support)
Maximum moment and common deflections
• Cantilever beams
o Distributed Load
Horizontal Shear Stress for Beams
• For rectangular and triangular beams:
• For circular:
Note: V is the maximum shear force. Greatest value of the support reaction.
Sample Problems
1. A bar is axially loaded in tension by forces of 10 kips. Determine the minimum cross-sectional area
(in square inches) so as not to exceed a maximum normal stress of 36000 psi. [0.28 square inches]
2. Find the required diameter of a steel member if the tensile design load is 7000 pounds. Assume a
safety factor of 5 based on an ultimate strength of 60000 lbf/sq.in. [0.8618 inch]
3. What is the minimum solid shaft diameter that can be used for the rotor of a 4.5 kW motor operating
at 3500 rpm, if the maximum shear stress for the shaft is 60 MPa? [10.14 mm]
4. A simply supported beam 8 m long, has a uniformly distributed load of 3 kN/m over its entire length.
Find the maximum moment of the beam. [24 kN-m]
5. The propeller of a ship are connected to a A-36 steel shaft that is 60 m long and has an outer diameter
of 340 mm and inner diameter of 260 mm. If the power output is 4.5 MW when the shaft rotates at 20
rad/s, determine its angle of twist. For A-36 shaft, shear modulus is 75 GPa. [11.9 degrees]
6. What is the force to punch a 0.75-inch circular hole through a piece of 5/8 inch thick steel plate
(ultimate shear strength of 42 ksi)? [61.85 kips]
7. In designing a cylindrical pressure tank 3 feet in diameter, a factor of safety of 2.5 is used. The
cylinder is made of steel (yield stress = 30 ksi) and will contain pressure up to 1000 psi. What is
the required wall thickness, t, based on the circumferential stress considerations? [1.5 inches]
8. Find the limiting peripheral velocity of a rotating steel ring if the allowable stress is 140
MN/sq.m. and the mass density of the steel is 7850 kg/cu.m. [133.55 m/s]
9. A rotating steel has a mass density of 7850 kg/cu.m. At what angular velocity will the stress
reach 200 MN/sq.m. if the mean radius is 250 mm? [638.47 rad/s]
10. Find the elongation of the aluminum (in inch) specimen 100 inch long when loaded at each
point. Neglect the weight of the bar. and yield stress is 37 ksi. [0.37 inch]
11. A bar of uniform cross-section is subject to a uniaxial tension and develops a strain in the
direction of the force of 1/800. Calculate the change in volume per unit volume. Assume
poisson’s ratio of 1/3. [1/2400 increasing]
12. Calculate the change in length (in cm) of a steel bar that is heated to 125 deg. C. where the
coefficient of expansion for steel is per deg. C. and the length is 3 m. [0.45 cm]
13. Determine the maximum shearing stress in a helical spring composed of 20 turns of 20 mm
diameter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when the spring is supporting a load of 2 kN. [120.6
MPa]
