Ad Hoc Network
Outline
Introduction
Benefits
Applications
Security Issues
Routing protocols in Ad-hoc network
Introduction
Ad Hoc network is a collection of wireless
mobile hosts forming a temporary network
without the aid of any established
infrastructure or centralized
administration
Machines may join and leave the network at
any time
Machines are mobile; movement is entirely
unrestricted
Each machine forwards data packets for other
machines in the network
Introduction
The transmission of a host is received by
all hosts within its transmission range
due to the broadcast nature of wireless
communication and omni-directional
antennae.
If two wireless hosts are out of their
transmission ranges in the ad hoc
networks, other hosts located between
them can forward their messages,
which effectively builds connected
networks among the mobile hosts in the
deployed area.
Introduction
A B C
A Simple Ad Hoc Wireless Network
C is out of the wireless transmission range of A
A and C need the help of B to exchange packets
Introduction
Ad Hoc Network
Consists of mobile
hosts (or nodes) which
communicate with
other nodes through
wireless medium
without any fixed
infrastructure( like AP
in 802.11)
Introduction
Dynamic network topology
The mobile nodes are free to move randomly
and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus,
the network's wireless topology may change
rapidly and unpredictably.
Radio
Radio
range of A
range of A
A A
move
Characteristics and tradeoffs
Characteristics
Self-organized
Self-deployed
Decentralized
Dynamic network topology
Tradeoffs
Limited Bandwidth
Need Multi-hop router
Energy consumption problem
Security problem
Benefits
Easy to deployment
Fast deployment
No dependence on infrastructure
Applications
Personal area networking
Cell phone, laptop, PDA , tablet pc
Emergency operations
Search and rescue
Policing and fire fighting
Civilian environments
Taxi cab network
Boats, aircrafts
Military use
On the battle field
Personal area networking
Cell phone, laptop, PDA , tablet pc
Military use
Civilian Applications
Disaster Recovery (flood, fire,
earthquakes etc)
Homeland defense
Search and rescue in remote areas
Environment monitoring (sensors)
Space/planet exploration
An ad-hoc network as a
graph
Critical issues in ad hoc
networking
Routing:
Efficient: minimize control update O/H and
redundant forwarding
robust, QoS enabled routing
route security, covert operations
Security:
Multicast:
congestion controlled; reliable
Security Issues
Security is an important issue for ad hoc
networks, especially for those security-
sensitive applications.
we consider the following attributes:
Availability
Confidentiality
Integrity
Authentication
Non-repudiation.
Availability
Keep the network alive against denial of
service attacks. A denial of service attack
could be launched at any layer of an ad hoc
network.
physical and media access control layers
Jamming the wireless channel
network layer
disrupt the routing protocol and disconnect the network.
higher layers
bring down high-level services. One such target is the
key management service, an essential service for any
security framework.
Confidentiality
Some sensitive information requires
confidentiality
Ex. Strategic or tactical military information
Leakage of such information could be
dangerous , therefore we need to protect
these information
Routing information must also remain
confidential in some cases, because the
information might be used to track any node
by an adversary.
Integrity
Guarantees that a message being
transferred is never corrupted.
A message could be corrupted because
of radio propagation impairment, or
because of malicious attacks on the
network.
Authentication
Enables a node to ensure the identity of
the peer node it is communicating with.
Without authentication, an adversary
could masquerade a node, thus gaining
unauthorized access to resource and
sensitive information and interfering
with the operation of other nodes.
Non-repudiation
Ensures that the origin of a message
cannot deny having sent the message.
Non-repudiation is useful for detection
and isolation of compromised nodes.
When a node A receives an erroneous
message from a node B, non-repudiation
allows A to accuse B using this message
and to convince other nodes that B is
compromised by an adversary.
Ad-hoc routing protocols
Ad-hoc routing protocols
Source-initiated
Table Driven
On-demand Driven
AODV LMR ABR DSR DSDV WRP
TORA SSR CGSR
Source-Initiated On-Demand
routing protocols
Source-Initiated On-Demand routing
AODV: Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
Routing
DSR: Dynamic Source Routing
Generate routes when desired by the source
node.
Packet on source node must wait until a route
is discovered.
Periodic route updates are not required.
Table-Driven routing protocols
Table-Driven routing protocols :
DSDV: Destination-sequenced Distance-vector
Routing
Every node need to maintain a table to store
routing information.
Require mechanisms to update the routing
table periodically
Cause signaling traffic and power consumption
problems
Packets on source can be forwarded
immediately since the routes are always
available.
