* Stroboscope*
CA1 Examination For Even Semester-2024
Presented By
Name:
Roll No:
Paper Name: SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS
Paper Code: PC-EE 801D
Semester: 8Th
Department: Electrical Engineering(EE)
1
Objectives
• Ability to understanding the definition, functions &
categories of transducers.
• List the classes and types and examples of
transducers.
• Operations and applications for each transducers
2
Sensor and transducer
'Sensor' is 'a device that detects a change in a physical stimulus
and turns it into a signal which can be measured or recorded.
E.g.: Thermistor
'Transducer' is 'a device that transfers power from one system to
another in the same or in the different form'.
E.g. Thermistor with it associate circuit convert heat to electricity.
As a comparison......
'Sensor' for the sensing element itself and 'transducer' for the
sensing element plus any associated circuitry. All transducers
would thus contain a sensor and most (not all) sensors would also
be transducers.
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Sensing process
4
Definition of a transducer
Transducer is any device that converts energy in one
form to another energy. The majority either convert
electrical energy to mechanical displacement or
convert some non-electrical physical quantity, such as
temperature, sound or light to an electrical signal.
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Functions of transducer
1. To sense the presence, magnitude, change in, and
frequency of some measurand.
2. To provide an electrical output that, when
appropriately processed and applied to readout device,
gives accurate quantitative data about the measurand.
Measurand - refers to the quantity, property or condition which
the transducer translates to an electrical signal.
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Classification of transducers
Transducer can be classified according to their application, based
primarily on the physical quantity, property, or condition that is
measured.
The transducer can be categories into:
A) Passive transducer :
- requires an external power
- output is a measure of some variation, such resistance and
capacitance. E.g.: condenser microphone
B) Self generating transducer :
- not require an external power, and they produce analog voltage or
current when stimulated by some physical form of
energy. E.g.: Thermocouple
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Selecting a transducers
1. Operating range
2. Sensitivity
3. Frequency response and resonant frequency
4. Environmental compatibility -
5. Minimum sensitivity measurand.
6. Accuracy
7. Usage and ruggedness
8. Electrical parameter
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Transducers to be covered
• Temperature transducers
• Resistive Position Transducer
• Capacitive Transducer
• Inductive Transducer
• Strain Gauge
• . LVDT
• Photoelectric
9
Temperature Transducers
Temperature transducers can be divided into four main categories:
1. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
2. Thermocouples
3. Thermistor
4. Ultrasonic transducers
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1) Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Detectors of wire resistance temperature common employ
platinum, nickel or resistance wire elements, whose resistance
variation with temperature has high intrinsic accuracy. They are
available in many configurations and size and as shielded or open
units for both immersion and surface applications.
The relationship between temperature and resistance of
conductors can be calculated from the equation:
where
R= the resistance of the conductor at temperature t (°C)
Ro= the resistance at the reference temperature, usually 20°C
α= the temperature coefficient of resistance
ꝺ= the difference between the operating and the reference temperature
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2) Thermocouple
It consists of two wires of different metals are joined together at
one end, a temperature difference between this end and the
other end of wires produces a voltage between the wires. The
magnitude of this voltage depends on the materials used for the
wires and the amount of temperature difference between the
joined ends and the other ends.
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This figure shows resistance
versus temperature for a family
thermistor. The resistance value
marked at the bottom end of
each curve is a value at 25°C
Note! The resistance decreases
as their temperature rises -NTC
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Advantages of thermistor
• Small size and low cost
• Fast response over narrow temperature range
• Good sensitivity in Negative Temperature Coefficient
(NTC) region
• Cold junction compensation not required due to
dependence of resistance on absolute temperature.
• Contact and lead resistance problems not encountered
due to large resistance
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