INSTITUTE :UIE

DEPARTMENT: ALL ACADEMIC

UNITS
Bachelor of Engineering (All Sections)
Subject Name and Code:
Engineering Physics 23SPH-141
Prepared by: Ms. Arminder

UNIT 3
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
QUANTUM MECHANICS
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. The course is designed to make the students industry ready to contribute in the
growing demand of the industry at local, national and international level.
2. It will make the students competent to understand basic concepts and
applications of advanced engineering physics and apply its principles in their
respective fields at global platform.
3. It will enhance the skill level of the students and shall make them preferred
choice for getting employment in industry and research labs.
4. It will give thorough knowledge of the discipline to enable students to
disseminate knowledge in pursuing excellence in academic areas.

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 COURSE OUTCOME

CO Title Level
Number On completion of this course, the students are expected
to learn

CO1 Quote the basic fundamental concepts of lasers, optical Remember,

fibres, crystallography, ultrasonic oscillations, semiconductor
Understand
physics, quantum mechanics and nanotechnology.

CO2 Demonstrate the working of various lasers, fibre Understand

components, semiconductor devices; explain the behaviour
of crystalline solids, quantum and nano-scale systems.

CO3 Solve problems by applying principles related to lasers, Applying

fibres, semiconductors, oscillations, quantum and
nanoscience.

CO4 Compare various lasers and fibres, semiconducting devices, Analyze

crystalline materials, structures at quantum and nanoscale
on the basis of their properties for industrial applications.

CO5 Develop various systems using lasers, fibres, semiconductors Design

and nanomaterials for futuristic applications.

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Figure 1 Quantum Theory
 INTRODUCTION

UNIT-3

QUANTUM MECHANICS

WAVE-FUNCTION
 LECTURE OBJECTIVE

1 2 3

• Students will learn • Students will learn • In this lecture, will

about wave about different derive time
function. quantum variables. independent
equation.

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 CONTENT

WAVE FUNCTION

PROBABILITY DENSITY

PROPERTIES

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 Wave function

The quantity that characterizes the de–Broglie wave or matter wave is called the
wave function.

It is usually denoted as Ψ = (x, y, z, t).

This gives complete information about the state of a physical system at a particular
time.

It is also called the state function and represents the probability amplitude. If ‘Ψ’ is
large, the probability of finding the particle is also large and if ‘Ψ ‘ is small then the
probability of finding the particle is small. 7
 Wave function

The wave function gives the likelihood of finding the particle at a given instant
and at a given position inside the wave packet.

|ψ(x)| 2 determines the probability (density) that an object in the state ψ(x) will be
found at position x.

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PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WAVE FUNCTION

In any physical wave if ‘A’ is the amplitude of the wave, then the energy density
i.e., energy per unit volume is equal to ‘A2’

Similar interpretation can be made in case of mater wave also. In matter wave, if
‘Ψ ‘is the wave function of matter waves at any point in space, then the particle
density at that point may be taken as proportional to ‘Ψ2’.

Thus, Ψ2 is a measure of particle density. According to Max Born Ψ*Ψ = Ψ2 gives

the probability of finding the particle in the state ‘Ψ’. i.e., ‘Ψ 2’ is a measure of
probability density. 9
 PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WAVE FUNCTION

The probability of finding the particle in a volume dv (= dx dy dz) is given by dv or dx dy dz.

Since the particle has to be present somewhere, total probability of finding the particle
somewhere is unity i.e., particle is certainly to be found somewhere in space. i.e., ∫ ∫ ∫ +∞ −∞ +∞
−∞ +∞

−∞ Ψ 2dx dy dz = 1.

Such condition is called Normalization condition. A wave function which satisfies this condition
is known as normalized wave function.

Two wavefunctions that are perpendicular to each other must satisfy the following equation:

∫ψ1ψ2dx=0

These wave functions are known as orthogonal wave function. 10

 PROPERTIES OF WAVE FUNCTIONS

In order to avoid infinite probabilities, Ψ must be finite for all values of x, y, z.

In order to avoid multiple values of the probability, Ψ must be single valued. i.e.,
for each set of x, y and z, Ψ must have a unique value.

For finite potentials, Ψ and x, y, z, ∂Ψ/∂x, ∂Ψ/∂y, ∂Ψ/∂z must be continuous in all
regions.

In order to normalize the wave function, Ψ must approach to zero as ‘x’
approaches to ± infinity.
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 SUMMARY

The quantity that characterizes the de–Broglie wave or matter wave is called the
wave function.

It is usually denoted as Ψ = (x, y, z, t).

|ψ(x)| 2 determines the probability (density) that an object in the state ψ(x) will be
found at position x.

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 FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
Enlist the properties of acceptable wave function.

What you understand by normalised and orthogonal wave function?

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 REFERENCE-BOOKS

Concepts of Modern Physics, (Fifth Edition) A Beiser, McGraw Hill International.

T2. Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker,
Wileyplus.

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 REFERENCE -VIDEOS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFwskHrtYQ4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ei8CFin00PY

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 REFERENCE-WEBSITE

https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/40018/orthogonal-wavefunctions

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-04-quantum-physics-i-spring-2013/lecture-
notes/MIT8_04S13_Lec03.pdf

https://sites.google.com/site/puenggphysics/home/unit-iv/wave-function

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]