ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

EMARGING BUILDING MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY

100% copy and the same with other group

GROUP MEMBER ID NO
AMANUEL H/MIKAEL UGR/22550/13
ADONIAS TADELE UGR/23187/13
BEZAWIT TEKLAY UGR/23038/13
KALKIDAN TARIKU UGR/22877/13
 Bituminous materials
• Bituminous materials are a class of black or brown materials

• solid or liquid in nature, composed chiefly of high molecular weight hydrocarbons,

derived from the distillation of petroleum or the carbonisation of coal. They are
characterized by their adhesive and waterproofing properties.

• Bituminous materials are commonly used in construction and engineering

applications, particularly for road paving and roofing.
 TYPES OF Bituminous materials

• Plastic bitumen: It is used for filling cracks in masonry and stopping leakages.
• it is thinner and a suitable filter in plastic form.
• Bitumen emulsion: It is a mixture of bitumen, water and an emulsifying agent,
which is in liquid form formed in aqueous medium and stabilizing agents.
• Straight run bitumen: It refers to bitumen distilled to a definite viscosity, to use
without further treatment like heating.
• Blown bitumen: It is produced by heating until it becomes a liquid
and then passing air under pressure by which all the volatile
compounds in it can be forced out. It is in solid form and has a high
softening point so that if exposed directly to the sunlight for a long
time, it does not melt.
•Residual bitumen: It is obtained as a residue during distillation
of high-resin petroleum which is a solid substance at normal
temperature.

•Cutback bitumen: In this type of bitumen, viscosity has been reduced

by adding other petroleum distillates like gasoline, kerosene and high-
boiling point light oil.
•Penetration grade: It is the basic form of bitumen that is semi-solid at ambient
temperature and requires to be heated to make it fluid before applications such
as for waterproofing roof surfaces.
Modified Bitumen
• It is obtained when bitumen is combined with plastics like resin, ester or
synthetic resin. Modified bitumen is not heated to high temperatures, and the
lighter oils are also preserved to improve its flexibility and resistance to
weathering.
•Polymerized bitumen is of two types - Atactic Polypropylene (APP) and
Sequenced Butadiene Styrene (SBS). The former is a plastomer, and the
later is an elastomer.

•APP-modified bitumen has greater flow for expansion and waterproofing

materials, generally stronger and stiffer then SBS-modified qualities. Both
possess a high tolerance for ultraviolet rays. Hence, this modified-polymer
bitumen is used for preparing waterproofing bitumen felts.
 Production of Bituminous Material
• Bituminous materials are produced by a process called distillation
• This process involves heating crude oil to a high temperature, (Crude oil with
a specific gravity greater than 0.9 is suitable for producing bitumen. Because
they have a suitable amount of heavy molecules.) which causes the different
components of the oil to vaporize at different rates.
• The vapors are then condensed back into liquids, which are then separated
into different fractions based on their boiling points. The bituminous fraction
is the heaviest fraction, and it is used to make a variety of products, including
asphalt, roofing materials, and paving materials
• bitumen is obtained from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of different
materials which have different boiling points. For the separation process,
distillation towers are used.
• Crude oil enters the tower and is heated.
• Heating leads to the separation of crude oil components in order to their
boiling point. components with lower boiling points separate sooner.
• The vapors of these lighter components are collected in specific trays
placed at various heights in the distillation tower. The heaviest components
with high boiling points remain at the bottom of the distillation tower.
•There are two types of distillation towers:
* Atmospheric: Crude oil is heated in the presence of atmospheric
pressure.
* Vacuum: The residue of the atmospheric tower is heated below
atmospheric pressure
 Bitumen Production Methods
1-Straight Run

•Sometimes vacuum bottom or short residue has the bitumen property. It

means that it has reasonable penetration and viscosity. It directly can be used
as bitumen, especially in paving work.
•But most often, vacuum bottoms need to go through different production
stages.
2-Air Blowing

•The primary way of producing bitumen is air blowing.

• The aim of air blowing is to produce Asphaltene molecules, which increase the
viscosity of the bitumen. Air blowing results in the generation of Ester
molecules which leads to the generation of larger molecules (polymerization
process).
• . Oxygen molecules react with the vacuum bottom. This causes the bond
between Hydrogen and Carbon atoms to be separated and cyclic molecules to
be generated (hydrogenation process).
• During air blowing, the penetration of the vacuum bottom is decreased,
and/or its softening point is increased.
• Blowing is done in different ways, which are explained below.
A) Semi-Blowing or Air Rectification
B) Fully Air Blowing
A)Semi-Blowing or Air Rectification
•The semi-blowing process can be applied in two methods; Batch blowing or
Continuous blowing.
Batch Blowing
Continuous Blowing
Batch Blowing
• In this process, a certain volume of feedstock must be heated before
entering the reactor.
• Depending on the degree of penetration and viscosity of the demanded
product, blowing lasts between 3 to 24 hours.
• During air blowing, oxidation reactions occur which lead to an increase in
temperature. As a result, a cooling system is used in the tower to keep the
temperature constant.
 Continuous Blowing
•In Continuous blowing, the vacuum bottom enters the reactor with a constant
flow rate.
• The blowing temperature in the reactor is constant in a particular range.
• The temperature of the fresh feed is lower than the operating temperature. But
the heat of the blowing process and oxidation reaction causes the bitumen to
heat up.
 The advantages of the continuous method over the batch
process are:
1.Increasing the production of bitumen per unit of time.
2.Reducing the preheating cost of the vacuum bottom before entering the
reactor.
3.Due to its continuous nature, it is easy to control and process.
B) Fully Air Blowing
In a fully blown process, the air is blown through the feedstock more than in the
semi-blown method. It applies upon a blend of a vacuum bottom with a
relatively low viscosity property to reach oxidized bitumen.
3-Solvent Deasphalting

• One of the methods of bitumen production is to modify the vacuum bottom

in propane deasphalting units
• In these units, the vacuum bottom is mixed with propane (sometimes
butane) then de-asphaltene oil is extracted from it.
• At the end of the process, the remaining product is bitumen.
• There are some differences between this bitumen and refined bitumen from
the same feedstock.
•Propane deasphalting causes the reduction of residue further. Also,
dependent on crude oil properties, this method can produce a bituminous
product that has:
1.Lower viscosity
2.Higher ductility
3.Better temperature resistance than other bitumen
•Usually, this process is used on crude oil with a low content of heavy
molecules.
4-Blending
• Blending is not the direct method of producing bitumen.
• However, sometimes, it is used to achieve bitumen with desired properties.
• Several types of bitumen are mixed together in order to obtain bitumen
with the preferred properties.

• For example, penetration bitumen 40/50 is combined with penetration

bitumen 200/300 to obtain the desired bitumen with a similar penetration
to bitumen 80/100.
 PROPERTIES

• Adhesive:-Binds together all the components without bringing about

any positive or negative changes in their properties.
• Water proof:-Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an effective
sealant
• Strong:-Though the coarse aggregates are the main load bearing
component in a pavement, bitumen or asphalt also play a vital role in
distributing the traffic loads to the layers beneath.
• Durable:-Bitumen lives up to twenty years if maintained properly
throughout the pavement life.

• Versatile:- Bitumen is a relatively easy to use material because of its

thermoplastic property. It can be spread easily along the underlying
pavement layers as it liquefies when heated making the job easier and
hardens in a solid mass when cooled.

• Economical:-It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the world

 General Uses & Applications of Bituminous
Materials
• For paints
• Damp proofing
• Roofing
• Tanking of basements
• Preservation of stones
• Pavements
• Protection of structures
 Advantages of bituminous materials
• Durability
• Flexibility
• Water resistance
• Easy maintenance
• Skid resistance
 Disadvantages of bituminous materials:

• Environmental impact
• Vulnerability to temperature variations
• Susceptibility to aging
• Maintenance requirements
• Dependency on petroleum
 CONCLUSION
The future of bituminous materials in construction looks promising, with
anticipated growth in the use of this materia. some potential areas of
development are
• Sustainable Production,
• Smart Pavements,
• Recycling and Reuse,
• Eco-Friendly Bitumen and New Applications.
 Continuous….

• In conclusion, the future of bituminous materials in construction looks bright,

with anticipated growth in the use of this material. Efforts are ongoing to find
ways to make bituminous materials more sustainable and environmentally
friendly, and there may be new applications for these materials in the future.