15th Edition

Understanding Computers
Today and Tomorrow
Comprehensive

Chapter 3
Storage

Deborah Morley
Charles S. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning
 Learning Objectives

1. Name several general characteristics of storage systems.

2. Describe the two most common types of hard drives and
what they are used for today.
3. Discuss the various types of optical discs available today and
how they differ from each other.
4. Identify some flash memory storage devices and media and
explain how they are used today.
5. List at least three other types of storage systems.
6. Summarize the storage alternatives for a typical personal
computer.

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 Overview

• This chapter covers:

– The characteristics common among all storage systems
– The primary storage for most personal computers—the
hard drive
– How optical discs work and the various types that are
available today
– Flash memory storage systems
– Network and cloud storage, smart cards, holographic
storage, and storage systems used with large computer
systems
– Storage alternatives for a typical personal computer

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 Storage System Characteristics

• Storage Media and Storage Devices

– Medium
• Hardware where data is stored
• DVD disc, flash memory card, etc.
– Device
• DVD drive, flash memory card reader, etc.
• Medium is inserted into device to be used
– Can be internal, external, or remote
– Storage devices are typically identified by letter

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 Storage System Characteristics

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 Storage System Characteristics

• Volatility
– Storage media are nonvolatile
• Random vs. Sequential Access
– Random access (direct access) allows data to be retrieved
from any location on the storage medium
– Virtually all storage devices use random access
– Sequential access means retrieval of data can occur only in
the order in which it was physically stored on the storage
medium
• Magnetic tape drive

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 Storage System Characteristics

• Logical vs. Physical Representation

– File
• Anything stored on a storage medium, such as a
program, document, digital image, or song
– Filename
• Name given to a file by the user
– Folder
• Named place on a storage medium
into which files can be stored

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 Storage System Characteristics

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 Storage System Characteristics

– Logical file representation

• Individuals view a document stored as one complete
unit in a particular folder on a particular drive
– Physical file representation
• Computers access a particular document stored on a
storage medium using its physical location or locations
• Types of Storage Technology Used
• Magnetic (conventional hard drives)
• Optical (optical discs)
• Electrons (flash memory media)

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 Hard Drives

• Hard Drive
– Used to store most
programs and
data
– Can be internal or
external
– Can be encrypted
• Magnetic Hard Drives
– One or more permanently
sealed metal magnetic
disks with an access
mechanism and read/write
heads
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 Hard Drives

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 Hard Drives

• Hard disks are divided into:

– Tracks
• Concentric path on disk where data is recorded
– Sectors
• A small piece of the track
– Clusters
• One or more sectors; smallest addressable area of
a disk
– Cylinders
• Collection of tracks located in the same location on
a set of hard disk surfaces

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 Hard Drives

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 How It Works Box

More Storage for Your Tablet

– Media tablets often have
64 GB of storage
– To extend storage, can
transfer content to and
from PCs
– Easier is to use a wireless
hard drive
– Need the appropriate
app

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 Hard Drives

• Solid State Drives (SSDs)

– Use flash memory
technology
– Use less power and have
no moving parts
– Particularly appropriate for
portable computers and
mobile devices

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 Inside the Industry Box

Data Recovery Experts

– Can recover data from damaged storage devices
– Can be used when devices are physically damaged or
just stop working
– Back up to prevent data loss

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 Internal and External Hard Drives

• Internal hard drives

– Permanent storage devices located inside the system unit
– Removed only if a problem develops
• External hard drives
– Commonly used to transport large amounts of data from
one computer to another
– Portable external hard drives are smaller and easier to
transport
– Most connect with a USB connection although some
may
be wireless
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 Internal and External Hard Drives

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 Hard Drive Speed, Disk Caching, and
Hybrid Hard Drives
• Disk access time
– Total time that it takes for a hard drive to read or write
data
– Consists of seek time, rotational delay, and data
movement time
• SSDs don’t require seek time or rotational
delays
• Disk cache
– Memory used in conjunction with a magnetic hard drive to
improve system performance
– Typically consist of memory chips on a circuit board
inside the hard drive case
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 Hard Drive Speed, Disk Caching, and
Hybrid Hard Drives
• Hybrid Hard Drive
– Combination of flash
memory and magnetic
hard drive
– Uses flash memory for
cache
– Allows encryption to be
built into the drive

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 Hard Drive Partitioning and File
Systems
• Partitioning
– Divides the physical capacity of a single drive logically into
separate areas, called partitions
– Partitions function as independent hard drives
– Referred to as logical drives
– Increases efficiency (smaller drives use smaller clusters)
• Partitions used to create:
– A recovery partition
– A new logical drive for data
– A dual boot system

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 Hard Drive Partitioning and File
Systems
• File system
– Determines the partition size, cluster size, maximum drive
size, and maximum file size
• FAT, FAT32, and NTFS

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 Hard Drive Interface Standards

• Determine how a drive connects to the computer

• Common standards
– Parallel ATA (PATA) - older, slower standard
– Serial ATA (SATA)
– eSATA
– SCSI and the newer serial attached SCSI (SAS)
– Fibre Channel
– Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)
– Internet SCSI (iSCSI)

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 Optical Discs and Drives

• Optical Disc Characteristics

– A type of storage read from and written to using laser
beams
– Today’s standard for software delivery
– Divided into sectors like magnetic discs but use a single
spiral track (groove)
– Have a relatively large capacity and are durable
– Used for backup purposes and for storing and transporting
music, photos, video, etc.

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 Optical Discs and Drives

• Representing Data on an Optical Disc

– Read-only optical disc
• Surface of disc is molded or stamped
– Recordable or rewritable disc
• Optical drive is used and the reflectivity of the disc is
changed using a laser to represent the data
– Pits and lands are used to represent 1s and 0s
– The transition between a pit and a land represents a 1; no
transition represents a 0

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 Optical Discs and Drives

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 Optical Discs and Drives

• Optical Drives
– Three categories of discs: CD, DVD, or Blu-Ray Disc (BD)
– Can be read-only, recordable, or rewritable
– Almost always downward compatible
– Can support single or dual layer discs
– Recording data onto disc is called burning
– Can be internal or external drives
• External drives typically connect
via USB port

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 Optical Discs and Drives

• Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities

– Standard size is 120-mm (about 4.7 inches)
• Mini discs are smaller—80-mm
– Theoretically can be made into various shapes—hearts,
triangles, irregular shapes, or a hockey-rink shape
• Patent battle exists about changing optical disc
shapes
• None of these different shapes are currently
available

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 Optical Discs and Drives

• Major advantage: large capacity

– CD discs are normally single layer and hold 650 or 700 MB
– DVD discs hold 4.7 GB (single-layer) or 8.5 GB (dual-layer
– BD discs hold 25 GB (single-layer) or 50 GB (dual-layer
– Discs can also be double-sided
– Researchers continually work to
increase the capacity of optical discs
• DL and XL discs
• 4K (Ultra HD) Blu-ray Discs

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 Optical Discs and Drives

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 Read-Only Optical Discs

• CD ROM, DVD ROM, and BD-ROM

– Can be read from, but not written to, by the user
• CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory)
• DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc read-only memory)
• BD-ROM (Blu-Ray Disc read-only memory)
– Normally come pre-recorded
• Software programs
• Clip art and other graphics
• Music
• Movies
• Games (PlayStation, Wii, Xbox, etc.)

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 Recordable Optical Discs

• CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R Discs

– Can be written to, but cannot be erased and reused
– No physically molded pits
– Most have a recording layer containing organic light-
sensitive dye between disc’s plastic and reflective layers
• Except the BD-R disc, which has inorganic material
– Used for backing up files, sending large files to others, and
creating custom music CDs

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 Rewritable Optical Discs

• CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs

– Can be written to, but cannot be erased and reused
• Uses phase change technology
– Heating and cooling process is used to change
the reflectivity of the disc
• Capacities are identical to the read-only and
recordable
discs, except BDXL
– Appropriate for transferring large files from one computer
to another or temporarily storing TV shows

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 Trend Box

DNA Data Storage

– Possible data storage medium
• Long-term, high-density encoding
– Researchers have encoded data in DNA
• Translated into binary 0s and 1s, then to a ternary code,
and then as strings of DNA’s chemical bases and stored
in DNA
– Biggest obstacle is cost - $12,400/MB
– Biggest possibility: archiving

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 Flash Memory Storage Systems

• Flash Memory
– Chip-based storage medium that represents data using
electrons
– Used in SSDs and hybrid hard drives
• Embedded Flash Memory
– Flash memory chips embedded into products, such as
• Portable digital media players, digital cameras
• Handheld gaming devices, GPS devices, mobile
phones
• Sunglasses and wristwatches

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 Flash Memory Storage Systems

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 Flash Memory Storage Systems

• Flash Memory Cards and Readers

– Flash memory card
• Small card containing one or more flash memory chips,
a controller chip, and metal contacts to connect the
card to the device or reader with which it is being used
• Available in various formats that are not
interchangeable:
CompactFlash Secure Digital (SD) xD Picture Card
Memory Stick Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC)
MultiMedia Card (MMC) Secure Digital Extended Capacity (SDXC)

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 Flash Memory Storage Systems

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 Flash Memory Storage Systems

• General-purpose flash memory card

– Appropriate for most applications
• Specialized flash memory cards
– Professional flash memory cards
• Designed for professional photographers
– Gaming flash memory cards
• Designed for gaming consoles
– HD flash memory cards
• Designed for capturing and transferring high-definition
video

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 Flash Memory Storage Systems

• USB Flash Drives

– Sometimes called flash memory drives, jump
drives, or thumb drives
– Flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit
that plug into and is powered by a USB port
– Designed to be very small and very portable
– Available in a host of formats including custom shapes
– Can be built into a consumer product
– Can be used to lock a computer and to issue Web site
passwords
– Can include biometric features, such as a built-in
fingerprint reader
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 Flash Drive Storage Systems

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 Other Types of Storage Systems

• Network Storage and Cloud Storage Systems

– Remote storage
• Using a storage device not directly connected to the
computer being used
• Accessed through the Internet or through a network
– Network storage
• Remote storage via local network

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 Network and Cloud Storage Systems

• Network attached storage (NAS)

– High performance storage systems connected individually
to a network
– Designed for small business and home use
• Storage area network (SAN)
– Separate network of hard drives or other storage devices
which are attached to the main network

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 Network and Cloud Storage Systems

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 Network and Cloud Storage Systems

• Cloud storage (online storage)

– Accessed via the Internet
• Via Web sites (Flickr, Facebook, Google Docs, etc.)
• Via online storage sites (Box, Dropbox, etc.)
• Growing in importance because more and more
applications are Web based
• Increasing being used for backup purposes
• Files can be synched between PC and cloud
storage
• Many Web sites providing online storage offer it
free
• Business cloud storage is available
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 Network and Cloud Storage Systems

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 Smart Cards

• Smart Card
– Credit card-sized piece of plastic that contains some
computer circuitry (processor, memory, and storage)
– Stores small amount of data (about 64 KB or less)
– Commonly used to store prepaid amounts of digital cash or
personal information
– Smart card readers are built into or attached to a
computer, door lock, vending machine, or other device
– Some smart cards store biometric data
– Use of mobile smart cards is an emerging trend

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 Smart Cards

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 Storage Systems for Large Computer
Systems
• Business storage needs are growing exponentially
– Digital data produced is expected to double every two
years through 2020
• Storage server
– Hardware device containing multiple high-speed hard
drives connected to the computer system or network
– Most are based on magnetic hard discs

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 Storage Systems for Large Computer
Systems

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 Storage Systems for Large Computer
Systems
• RAID (redundant arrays of independent discs)
– Method of storing data on two or more hard drives that
work together to do the job of a larger drive
– Mostly used to protect critical data on large storage
systems
– Usually involves recording redundant copies of
stored data
– Helps to increase fault tolerance

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 Storage Systems for Large Computer
Systems
• Different levels of RAID:
– RAID 0 = disk striping (spread files over two or more hard
drives)
– RAID 1 = disk mirroring (duplicate copy)
– Other level use a combination or striping and mirroring
• Drobo system
– New RAID storage system
– Much easier to use than previous
systems
– Offers continuous data
redundancy
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 Storage Systems for Large Computer
Systems

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 Magnetic Tape Systems

• Magnetic Tape
– Plastic tape coated with a magnetizable substance that
represents the bits and bytes of digital data
– Primarily used for backup and archival purposes
– Sequential access only
– Low cost per terabyte
– Most tapes today are in the
form of cartridge tapes

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 Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives

• Product Characteristics to Consider:

– Speed
– Compatibility
– Storage capacity
– Convenience
– Portability
• Most Users Require:
– Hard drive
– Recordable or rewritable optical drive
– Flash memory card reader
– USB ports

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