name and ID number

tsehaye sahile 0116/19

computer science
regular
Artificial Intelligence
 the ability of a digital computer or computer-con-
trolled robot to perform tasks commonly associ-
ated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently
applied to the project of developing systems en-
dowed with the intellectualprocesses characteristic
of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover
meaning, generalize, or learn from past experi-
ence. Since the development of the digital com-
puter in the 1940s, it has been demonstrated that
computers can be programmed to carry out very
complex tasks as, for example, discovering proofs
for mathematical theorems or playingchess with
great proficiency.
 Still, despite continuing advances in computer
processing speed and memory capacity, there
are as yet no programs that can match human
flexibility over wider domains or in tasks re-
quiring much everyday knowledge. On the
other hand, some programs have attained the
performance levels of human experts and pro-
fessionals in performing certain specific tasks,
so that artificial intelligence in this limited
sense is found in applications as diverse as
medicaldiagnosis, computer search engines,
and voice or handwriting recognition.
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine
can have human-based skills such as learn-
ing, reasoning, and solving problems with
Artificial Intelligence you do not need to
preprogram a machine to do some work, de-
spite that you can create a machine with pro-
grammed algorithms which can work with
own intelligence..
• Intelligence is composed of:
➢ Reasoning
➢ Learning
➢ Problem Solving
➢ Perception
➢ Linguistic Intelligence..
An AI system is composed of an agent and its en-
vironment. An agent (e.g., human or robot) is any-
thing that can perceive its environment through
sensors and acts upon that environment through
effectors. Intelligent agents must be able to set
goals and achieve them. In classical planning
problems, the agent can assume that it is the only
system acting in the world, allowing the agent to
be certain of the consequences of its actions.
However, if the agent is not the only actor,
then it requires that the agent can reason under
uncertainty. This calls for an agent that cannot
only assess its environment and make predic-
tions but also evaluate its predictions and adapt
based on its assessment. Machine perception is
the ability to use input from sensors (such as
cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce
aspects of the world. e.g., Computer Vision.
Need for Artificial Intelligence
• Why we need AI at this time?
1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelli-
gent behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
2. Helping machines find solutions to complex
problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
goal of artificial intelligence
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that re-
quires human intelligence such as:
✓ Proving a theorem
✓ Playing chess
✓ Plan some surgical operation
✓ Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent
behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstdemon-
strate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 WHAT IS BLOCKCHAIN?
The blockchain is defined as an open ledger that of-
fers decentralization to the parties. In addition, it also
offers transparency, immutability, and security. It has
many features including being open, distributed,
ledger, P2P and permanent.
Blockchain term was first introduced in the white
paper of Bitcoin in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. From
there, it has come a long way as more and more or-
ganizations are interested in it. Right now, Bitcoin is
on its way to implementing lightning network and
other advanced features.
The three main properties of Blockchain Tech-
nology are:
1. Decentralization
➢ In a decentralized system the information is not
stored by one single entity. In fact, everyone in the
network owns the information.
➢ In a decentralized network if you wanted to interact
with your friend then you can do so directly without
going through a third party. That was the main ideol-
ogy behind Bitcoins. You and only you alone are in
charge of your money. You can send your money to
anyone you want without having to go through a bank.
2. Transparency
➢ One of the most interesting and misunderstood concepts in
blockchain technology is “transparency.” Some people say that
blockchain gives you privacy while some say that it is transparent.
Why do you think that happens?
➢ A person’s identity is hidden via complex cryptography and rep-
resented only by their public address. So, if you were to look up a
person’s transaction history, you will not see “Bob sent 1 BTC” in-
stead you will see “1MF1bhsFLkBzzz9vpFYEmvwT2TbyC-
t7NZJsent 1 BTC”.
➢ So, while the person’s real identity is secure, you will still see all
the transactions that were done by their public address. This level of
transparency has never existed before within a financial system. It
adds that extra, and much needed, level of accountability which is
required by some of these biggest institutions.
3. Immutability
➢ Immutability, in the context of the blockchain, means that
once something has been entered into the blockchain, it can-
not be tampered with.
➢ The reason why the blockchain gets this property is that
of the cryptographic hash function.
➢ In simple terms, hashing means taking an input string of
any length and giving out an output of a fixed length. In the
context of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, the transactions are
taken as input and run through a hashing algorithm (Bitcoin
uses SHA-256) which gives an output of a fixed length.
➢ Let’s see how the hashing process works. We are going to
put in certain inputs. For this exercise, we are going to use
the SHA-256 (Secure Hashing Algorithm 256).
➢ As you can see, in the case of SHA-256, no
matter how big or small your input is, the output
will always have a fixed 256-bits length. This
becomes critical when you are dealing with a
huge amount of data and transactions. So basi-
cally, instead of remembering the input data
which could be huge, you can just remember the
hash and keep track.
 How Does a Blockchain Work?

The function of a blockchain is straightfor-

ward. As it is a peer-to-peer network, a user
needs to start a transaction. Once done, a block
is allocated to the said transaction. The transac-
tion block is also broadcasted to the network,
and all the nodes in the network get the said in-
formation. The block is then mined and vali-
dated. It is also added to the chain.
 Remarkable Benefits of Blockchain
Technology
Blockchain technology is feature-rich. It is also
extremely beneficial. For example, it lets the
user do faster settlement compared to tradi-
tional methods. It is also immutable and more
secure. When compared to a traditional net-
work, blockchain technology is more capable
and have improved network capacity. With de-
centralization built-in, it can be used to build a
shared and distributed blockchain.
 Verticals of Blockchain Transforma-
tions
They include the following:
1. Technology
2. Law and Crime
3. Government Service
4. Finance
5. Human Rights
6. Entertainment
7. Media
8. Transportation
9. Contracts
Augmented Reality (AR)
In augmented reality, users see and interact
with the real world while digital content is
added to it. If you own a modern smartphone,
you can easily download an AR app and try this
technology. There’s a different way to experi-
ence augmented reality, though – with special
AR headsets, such as Google Glass, where digi-
tal content is displayed on a tiny screen in front
of a user’s eye.
AR refers to a live view of a physical real-world
environment whose elements are merged with
augmented computer-generated images creating a
mixed reality. The augmentation is typically done
in real-time and in semantic context with envi-
ronmental elements. By using the latest AR tech-
niques and technologies, the information about the
surrounding real world becomes interactive and
digitally usable. Through this augmented vision, a
user can digitally interact with and adjust informa-
tion about their surrounding environment.
AR adds digital elements to a live view often by
using the camera on a smartphone. Examples of
augmented reality experiences include Snapchat
lenses and the game Pokemon Go. Augmented
Reality (AR) is a live, direct or indirect view of
a physical, real-world environment whose ele-
ments are augmented (or supplemented) by
computer-generated sensory input such as
sound, video, graphics or GPS data
Virtual Reality (VR)
VR is fully immersive, which tricks your senses into
thinking you’re in a different environment or world
apart from the real world. Using a head-mounted dis-
play (HMD) or headset, you’ll experience a com-
puter-generated world of imagery and sounds in
which you can manipulate objects and move around
using haptic controllers while tethered to a console or
PC. It is also called a computer-simulated reality. It
refers to computer technologies using reality headsets
to generate realistic sounds, images and other sensa-
tions that replicate a real environment or create an
imaginary world.
Advanced VR environment will engage all five
senses (taste, sight, smell, touch, sound), but it is
important to say that this is not always possible.
Using VR devices such as HTC Vive, Oculus Rift
or Google Cardboard, users can be transported
into a number of real-world and imagined envi-
ronments.
The most advanced VR experiences even provide
freedom of movement – users can move in a digi-
tal environment and hear sounds. Moreover, spe-
cial hand controllers can be used to enhance VR
experiences.
Most VR headsets are connected to a computer
(Oculus Rift) or a gaming console (PlayStation
VR) but there are standalone devices (Google
Cardboard is among the most popular) as well.
Most standalone VR headsets work in combina-
tion with smartphones – you insert a smart-
phone, wear a headset, and immerse in the vir-
tual reality
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is a means of networking re-
mote servers that are hosted on the Internet.
Rather than storing and processing data on a lo-
cal server, or a PC's hard drive, one of the fol-
lowing three types of cloud infrastructure is
used.
The first type is a public cloud. Here a third-
party provider manages the servers, applications,
and storage much like a public utility. Anyone
can subscribe to the provider’s cloud service,
which is usually operated through their own data
center.
A business or organization would typically use
a private cloud. This might be hosted on their
on-site data center, although some companies
host through a third-party provider instead. Ei-
ther way, the computing infrastructure exists as
a private network accessible over the Internet.
The third option is a hybrid cloud. Here private
clouds are connected to public clouds, allowing data
and applications to be shared between them. Private
clouds existing alone can be very limiting, and a hy-
brid offers a business more flexibility. Often a hybrid
cloud includes multiple service providers. Hybrids
can offer more computing capacity for a business ap-
plication when the need for its spikes. This sudden
expansion into the public cloud is known as cloud
bursting. Hybrids also enable applications to keep
sensitive client data in a private cloud but connect to
end-user software in a public cloud.
Cloud computing services can focus on infrastructure, web
development or a cloud-based app. These are often re-
garded as a stack; all are on-demand, pay-as-you-go. Infra-
structure as a Service (IaaS) gives you management of the
whole deal: servers, web development tools, applications.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) offers a complete web devel-
opment environment, without the worry of the hardware
that runs it. Finally, Software as a Service (SaaS) allows
access to cloud-based apps, usually through a web browser
interface. SaaS is the top of the stack. Cloud computing has
been around since 2000. Yet it’s only in the last 10 years
that major players like IBM, Amazon, and Google have of-
fered commercially viable, high-capacity networks.
advantages
Cost saving is the biggest benefit of cloud
computing. It helps you to save substantial cap-
ital cost as it does not need any physical hard-
ware investments. Also, you do not need
trained personnel to maintain the hardware.
The buying and managing of equipment is
done by the cloud service provider.
Cloud computing offers a competitive edge
over your competitors. It helps you to access
the latest and applications any time without
spending your time and money on installations.
Cloud computing allows you to deploy your
service quickly in fewer clicks. This faster de-
ployment allows you to get the resources re-
quired for your system within fewer minutes.
Reliability is one of the biggest pluses of
cloud computing. You can always get instantly
updated about the changes.
development and operations
DevOps is the combination of cultural philoso-
phies, practices, and tools that increases an or-
ganization’s ability to deliver applications and
services at high velocity: evolving and improv-
ing products at a faster pace than organizations
using traditional software development and in-
frastructure management processes. This speed
enables organizations to better serve their cus-
tomers and compete more effectively in the
market.
How DevOps Works
Under a DevOps model, development and opera-
tions teams are no longer “siloed.” Sometimes,
these two teams are merged into a single team
where the engineers work across the entire applica-
tion lifecycle, from development and test to de-
ployment to operations, and develop a range of
skills not limited to a single function.
In some DevOps models, quality assurance and
security teams may also become more tightly in-
tegrated with development and operations and
throughout the application lifecycle. When secu-
rity is the focus of everyone on a DevOps team,
this is sometimes referred to as DevSecOps.
These teams use practices to automate pro-
cesses that historically have been manual and
slow. They use a technology stack and tooling
which help them operate and evolve applica-
tions quickly and reliably. These tools also help
engineers independently accomplish tasks (for
example, deploying code or provisioning infra-
structure) that normally would have required
help from other teams, and this further increases
a team’s velocity.
 Benefits of DevOps
Speed
Move at high velocity so you can innovate for
customers faster, adapt to changing markets bet-
ter, and grow more efficient at driving business
results. The DevOps model enables your develop-
ers and operations teams to achieve these results.
For example, microservices and
continuous delivery let teams take ownership of
services and then release updates to them quicker.
Rapid Delivery
Increase the frequency and pace of releases so
you can innovate and improve your product
faster. The quicker you can release new features
and fix bugs, the faster you can respond to your
customers’ needs and build competitive advan-
tage. Continuous integration and
continuous delivery are practices that automate
the software release process, from build to deploy.
Security
Move quickly while retaining control and preserv-
ing compliance. You can adopt a DevOps model
without sacrificing security by using automated
compliance policies, fine-grained controls, and
configuration management techniques. For exam-
ple, using infrastructure as code and
policy as code, you can define and then track
compliance at scale.
The Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing con-
cept that describes a future where everyday phys-
ical objects will be connected to the Internet and
be able to identify themselves to other devices. It
is significant because an object that can represent
itself digitally becomes something greater than
the object by itself. No longer does the object re-
late just to you, but is now connected to surround-
ing objects and database data. When many ob-
jects act in unison, they are known as having
"ambient intelligence."
How IoT works
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart
devices that use embedded systems, such as pro-
cessors, sensors and communication hardware, to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments. IoT devices share the sensor
data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway
or other edge device where data is either sent to the
cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Some-
times, these devices communicate with other re-
lated devices and act on the information they get
from one another.
The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with
the devices for instance, to set them up, give
them instructions or access the data. The connec-
tivity, networking and communication protocols
used with these web-enabled devices largely de-
pend on the specific IoT applications deployed.
Why IoT is important
The internet of things helps people live and
work smarter, as well as gain complete control
over their lives. In addition to offering smart de-
vices to automate homes, IoT is essential to
business. IoT provides businesses with a real-
time look into how their systems really work,
delivering insights into everything from the per-
formance of machines to supply chain and logis-
tics operations.
IoT enables companies to automate processes
and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down on
waste and improves service delivery, making it
less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods,
as well as offering transparency into customer
transactions.
As such, IoT is one of the most important tech-
nologies of everyday life, and it will continue to
pick up steam as more businesses realize the po-
tential of connected devices to keep them com-
petitive.
 IoT benefits to organizations
The internet of things offers several benefits to organi-
zations. Some benefits are industry-specific, and some
are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the
common benefits of IoT enable businesses to:
 monitor their overall business processes;
 improve the customer experience (CX);
 save time and money;
 enhance employee productivity;
 integrate and adapt business models;
 make better business decisions; and
 generate more revenue.
Some of the advantages of IoT include the follow-
ing:
ability to access information from anywhere at
any time on any device;
improved communication between connected
electronic devices;
transferring data packets over a connected
network saving time and money; and
automating tasks helping to improve the qual-
ity of a business's services and reducing the
need for human intervention.
Intelligent Apps
Intelligent apps are applications that use real-
time and historical data from user interactions
and other sources to make suggestions and pre-
dictions, delivering adaptive and personalized
user experiences. To make user experiences
high-end these apps bring together the power of
prescriptive and predictive analytics, operational
data, consumer data and cutting-edge technolo-
gies, with latest user-centric design and applica-
tion development tools.
Intelligent apps use the power of machine learn-
ing and AI to engage with users in previously
unimaginable ways. These apps have embedded
AI and analytic technologies, creating the ability
to act intelligently on the feedback the app re-
ceives from its environment. Aware of their per-
formance and interactions with the user and other
applications, intelligent apps autonomously
learn, adapt, and discover patterns of behavior.
As an intelligent app is used, it increases what it
learns and uses predictive analytics to quickly
adapt to the information it receives.
 The typical features
Virtual assistants, chatbots and recommendation
engines on e-commerce sites are just some exam-
ples of intelligent applications. Though it’s diffi-
cult to formulate a overall of their definition, they
have a number of common features:
1. Intelligent apps are adaptive and could easily
upgrade their knowledge as per their surround-
ings. They adapt quickly to new demands, offer
more insight than before, owing to its sustained
learning path, an ever evolving one.
2. Intelligent Apps work upon huge amounts of
data, read and store human a vast array of human
interactions, process it combined with sensory
inputs and powered by IoT and come up with
truly intelligent valuable insights or results.
3. Intelligent apps deliver predictive behavior
based on user activity. Deep analysis enables not
only personalization but also continuous changes
in the app behavior too to serve the changing
demands of differential usage pattern.
4. Intelligent apps could just by reading ges-
tures, motions, speech inputs and biometrics,
produce results and allow the user to do away
with the need to use keys.
Benefits
• Offer predictions and decisions to deliver super-
rich and custom-made experiences for users.
• Offer valuable solutions based on users’ history
of interactions with brands, people and machines.
• Deliver personalized and contextual content to
facilitate constant engagement.
• Analyse multiple data sources to deliver valu-
able insights and help in automating simple rou-
tine tasks without specifically waiting for user
commands.
Intelligent apps are touching all areas of our
lives – Media, Technology, Healthcare, Fi-
nance, Lifestyle, etc., by implementing tasks
with the highest accuracy. Let’s wait and see
how intelligent apps are going to make every-
thing smart around us. Feel free to comment
your perspective on how we are moving to-
wards a future that’s incomplete without these
AI-powered apps.
Big Data
 What is Big
BigData?
Data is also data but with a huge size. Big
Data is a term used to describe a collection of
data that is huge in volume and yet growing ex-
ponentially with time. In short such data is so
large and complex that none of the traditional
data management tools are able to store it or
process it efficiently.
 Types Of Big Data
BigData' could be found in three
forms:
1. Structured
2. Unstructured
3. Semi-structur
Structured
Any data that can be stored, accessed and pro-
cessed in the form of fixed format is termed as a
'structured' data. Over the period of time, talent in
computer science has achieved greater success in
developing techniques for working with such kind
of data (where the format is well known in ad-
vance) and also deriving value out of it. However,
nowadays, we are foreseeing issues when a size of
such data grows to a huge extent, typical sizes are
being in the rage of multiple zettabytes.
Unstructured
Any data with unknown form or the structure is
classified as unstructured data. In addition to the
size being huge, un-structured data poses multiple
challenges in terms of its processing for deriving
value out of it. A typical example of unstructured
data is a heterogeneous data source containing a
combination of simple text files, images, videos
etc. Now day organizations have wealth of data
available with them but unfortunately, they don't
know how to derive value out of it since this data is
in its raw form or unstructured format.
Semi-structured
Semi-structured data can contain both the forms
of data. We can see semi-structured data as a
structured in form but it is actually not defined
with e.g. a table definition in relational DBMS.
Example of semi-structured data is a data repre-
sented in an XML file.
 Characteristics Of Big Data
(i) Volume – The name Big Data itself is related
to a size which is enormous. Size of data plays a
very crucial role in determining value out of data.
Also, whether a particular data can actually be
considered as a Big Data or not, is dependent
upon the volume of data. Hence, 'Volume' is one
characteristic which needs to be considered while
dealing with Big Data.
(ii) Variety – The next aspect of Big Data is its
variety. Variety refers to heterogeneous sources
and the nature of data, both structured and un-
structured. During earlier days, spreadsheets and
databases were the only sources of data consid-
ered by most of the applications. Nowadays, data
in the form of emails, photos, videos, monitoring
devices, PDFs, audio, etc. are also being consid-
ered in the analysis applications. This variety of
unstructured data poses certain issues for storage,
mining and analyzing data.
(iii) Velocity – The term 'velocity' refers to the
speed of generation of data. How fast the data is
generated and processed to meet the demands,
determines real potential in the data.
Big Data Velocity deals with the speed at which
data flows in from sources like business pro-
cesses, application logs, networks, and social
media sites, sensors, Mobile devices, etc. The
flow of data is massive and continuous.
(iv) Variability – This refers to the inconsis-
tency which can be shown by the data at times,
thus hampering the process of being able to
handle and manage the data effectively.
Robotic Processor Automation
 Robotic Processor Automation
Robotic Process Automation is the technology that
allows anyone today to configure computer soft-
ware, or a “robot” to emulate and integrate the ac-
tions of a human interacting within digital systems
to execute a business process. RPA robots utilize the
user interface to capture data and manipulate appli-
cations just like humans do. They interpret, trigger
responses and communicate with other systems in
order to perform on a vast variety of repetitive tasks.
Only substantially better: an RPA software robot
never sleeps and makes zero mistakes.
How is RPA different from other enterprise
automation tools?
In contrast to other, traditional IT solutions, RPA
allows organizations to automate at a fraction of
the cost and time previously encountered. RPA is
also non-intrusive in nature and leverages the ex-
isting infrastructure without causing disruption to
underlying systems, which would be difficult and
costly to replace. With RPA, cost efficiency and
compliance are no longer an operating cost but a
byproduct of the automation.
How does Robotic Process Au-
tomation work?
RPA robots are capable of mimicking many–if
not all–human user actions. They log into ap-
plications, move files and folders, copy and
paste data, fill in forms, extract structured and
semi-structured data from documents, scrape
browsers, and more.
How does Robotic Process Automation
work?
RPA robots are capable of mimicking many–if
not all–human user actions. They log into ap-
plications, move files and folders, copy and
paste data, fill in forms, extract structured and
semi-structured data from documents, scrape
browsers, and more.
What are the business benefits of RPA?
Robots are here to stay. The faster you harvest
their potential, the faster you create a competitive
edge for your business. Robotic Process Automa-
tion delivers direct profitability while improving
accuracy across organizations and industries. En-
abling RPA to handle any processes will not only
transform and streamline your organization’s
workflow. It will allow for superior scalability
and flexibility within the enterprise, doubled by
fast, tailored response to specific needs.
Software robots are easy to train and they inte-
grate seamlessly into any system. Multiply
them, and instantly deploy more as you go. They
constantly report on their progress so you can go
even bigger and better by using operational and
business predictability, while improving strate-
gically.
Better accuracy
Robotic Process Automation software robots are
programmed to follow rules. They never get
tired and never make mistakes. They are compli-
ant and consistent.
Improved compliance
Once instructed, RPA robots execute reliably,
reducing risk. Everything they do is monitored.
You have the full control to operate in accor-
dance with existing regulations and standards.
Fast cost savings
RPA can reduce processing costs by up to 80%.
In less than 12 months, most enterprises already
have a positive return on investment, and poten-
tial further accumulative cost reductions can
reach 20% in time.
Super scalable
Across business units and geographies, RPA
performs a massive amount of operations in par-
allel, from desktop to cloud environments. Addi-
tional robots can be deployed quickly with min-
imal costs, according to work flux and seasonal-
ity.
Increased speed and productivity
Employees are the first to appreciate the bene-
fits of RPA as it removes non-value-add activi-
ties and relieves them from the rising pressure
of work.
Data science
 What is Data Sci-
ence?
Data science continues to evolve as one of the
most promising and in-demand career paths for
skilled professionals. Today, successful data pro-
fessionals understand that they must advance past
the traditional skills of analyzing large amounts of
data, data mining, and programming skills. In order
to uncover useful intelligence for their organiza-
tions, data scientists must master the full spectrum
of the data science life cycle and possess a level of
flexibility and understanding to maximize returns
at each phase of the process.
The term “data scientist” was coined as recently
as 2008 when companies realized the need for
data professionals who are skilled in organizing
and analyzing massive amounts of data. In a 2009
McKinsey&Company article, Hal Varian,
Google's chief economist and UC Berkeley pro-
fessor of information sciences, business, and eco-
nomics, predicted the importance of adapting to
technology’s influence and reconfiguration of dif-
ferent industries.
Effective data scientists are able to identify rele-
vant questions, collect data from a multitude of
different data sources, organize the information,
translate results into solutions, and communicate
their findings in a way that positively affects
business decisions. These skills are required in
almost all industries, causing skilled data scien-
tists to be increasingly valuable to companies.
 What Does a Data Scientist Do?
In the past decade, data scientists have become
necessary assets and are present in almost all orga-
nizations. These professionals are well-rounded,
data-driven individuals with high-level technical
skills who are capable of building complex quanti-
tative algorithms to organize and synthesize large
amounts of information used to answer questions
and drive strategy in their organization. This is
coupled with the experience in communication and
leadership needed to deliver tangible results to var-
ious stakeholders across an organization or busi-
ness.
Data scientists need to be curious and result-ori-
ented, with exceptional industry-specific knowl-
edge and communication skills that allow them to
explain highly technical results to their non-tech-
nical counterparts. They possess a strong quantita-
tive background in statistics and linear algebra as
well as programming knowledge with focuses in
data warehousing, mining, and modeling to build
and analyze algorithms.
They must also be able to utilize key technical tools and skills, including:
R
Python
Apache Hadoop
MapReduce
Apache Spark
NoSQL databases
Cloud computing
D3
Apache Pig
Tableau
iPython notebooks
GitHub
Why Become a Data Scientist?
Glassdoor ranked data scientist as the #1 Best
Job in America in 2018 for the third year in a
row. As increasing amounts of data become
more accessible, large tech companies are no
longer the only ones in need of data scientists.
The growing demand for data science profes-
sionals across industries, big and small, is being
challenged by a shortage of qualified candidates
available to fill the open positions.
The need for data scientists shows no sign of
slowing down in the coming years. LinkedIn
listed data scientist as one of the most promising
jobs in 2017 and 2018, along with multiple data-
science-related skills as the most in-demand by
companies.
Where Do You Fit in Data Science?
Data is everywhere and expansive. A variety of
terms related to mining, cleaning, analyzing,
and interpreting data are often used inter-
changeably, but they can actually involve differ-
ent skill sets and complexity of data.
Data Scientist
Data scientists examine which questions need
answering and where to find the related data.
They have business acumen and analytical skills
as well as the ability to mine, clean, and present
data. Businesses use data scientists to source,
manage, and analyze large amounts of unstruc-
tured data. Results are then synthesized and
communicated to key stakeholders to drive
strategic decision-making in the organization.
Data Analyst
Data analysts bridge the gap between data sci-
entists and business analysts. They are provided
with the questions that need answering from an
organization and then organize and analyze data
to find results that align with high-level business
strategy. Data analysts are responsible for trans-
lating technical analysis to qualitative action
items and effectively communicating their find-
ings to diverse stakeholders.
Data Engineer
Data engineers manage exponential amounts of
rapidly changing data. They focus on the devel-
opment, deployment, management, and opti-
mization of data pipelines and infrastructure to
transform and transfer data to data scientists for
querying.
3D Printing
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a
process of making three dimensional solid ob-
jects from a digital file.
The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved
using additive processes. In an additive process
an object is created by laying down successive
layers of material until the object is created.
Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly
sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual
object.
3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manu-
facturing which is cutting out / hollowing out a
piece of metal or plastic with for instance a
milling machine.
3D printing enables you to produce complex
shapes using less material than traditional manu-
facturing methods.
How Does 3D Printing Work?
It all starts with a 3D model. You create one
yourself or download it from a 3D repository.
When creating it yourself you can choose to use
a 3D scanner, app, haptic device, code or 3D
modeling software.
3D Modeling Software
There are many different 3D modeling software
tools available. Industrial grade software can eas-
ily cost thousands a year per license, but there’s
also open source software you can get for free.
We often recommend beginners to start with
Tinkercad. Tinkercad is free and works in your
browser, you don’t have to install it on your com-
puter. Tinkercad offers beginner lessons and has a
built-in feature to get your 3D model printed via a
3D print service.
Now that you have a 3D model, the next step is to
prepare the file for your 3D printer. This is called
slicing.
Slicing: From 3D Model to 3D Printer

Slicing is dividing a 3D model into hundreds or

thousands of horizontal layers and is done with
slicing software.
Some 3D printers have a built-in slicer and let you
feed the raw .stl, .obj or even CAD file.
When your file is sliced, it’s ready to be fed to
your 3D printer. This can be done via USB, SD or
internet. Your sliced 3D model is now ready to be
3D printed layer by layer.
3D Printing Industry

Adoption of 3D printing has reached critical

mass as those who have yet to integrate additive
manufacturing somewhere in their supply chain
are now part of an ever-shrinking minority.
Where 3D printing was only suitable for proto-
typing and one-off manufacturing in the early
stages, it is now rapidly transforming into a pro-
duction technology.
Most of the current demand for 3D printing is in-
dustrial in nature. Acumen Research and Consult-
ing forecasts the global 3D printing market to
reach $41 billion by 2026.
As it evolves, 3D printing technology is destined
to transform almost every major industry and
change the way we live, work, and play in the fu-
ture.
Examples of 3D Printing

3D printing encompasses many forms of tech-

nologies and materials as 3D printing is being
used in almost all industries you could think of.
It’s important to see it as a cluster of diverse in-
dustries with a myriad of differentapplications.
A few examples:

– consumer products (eyewear, footwear, design,)

– industrial products (manufacturing tools,
prototypes,)
– dental products
– prosthetics
– architectural scale models & maquettes
– reconstructing fossils
– replicating ancient artefacts
– reconstructing evidence in forensic pathology
– movie props
Advantages of 3D Printing
1. Faster Production
3D printing is quicker than conventional manu-
facturing including injection molds and subtrac-
tive production. Think the speed of a sports car
versus the speed of a horse cart. Both will reach
their destination, but the time difference is sig-
nificantly huge. From a prototype to a final
product, 3D printing tests ideas and designs
quickly.
Faster design and prototype production means
more time to iterate the prototype and find prod-
uct market fit before competitors. 3D printing
production takes just hours. Conversely, testing
ideas and designs with conventional manufactur-
ing methods can take up days, if not several
weeks
2. Easily Accessible
3D printing has been around for decades but it
really did not take off until 2010. The explosion
of 3D printing interests has brought easier to use
software and hardware to consumers as more
competition has entered the space. It’s never
been easier to learn the technology and you can
incorporate it in a matter of days into your pro-
duction cycle.
3. Better Quality
Traditional manufacturing methods can easily result in
poor designs, and therefore poor quality prototypes.
Imagine a scenario where someone wants to bake a
cake by combining all the ingredients together, mixing
them up, and putting them in the oven to cook. If the
elements did not mix well, the cake will have issues
such as air bubbles or a failure to cook thoroughly.
That is how subtractive or injection molds can some-
times be. You are not assured of quality 100 percent of
the time. 3D printing allows the step-by-step assembly
of the object, which guarantees enhanced designs and
eventually better quality objects.
4. Tangible Design and Product Testing
There’s no way seeing a product on the screen
or virtually can compare to the actual feel of a
prototype. 3D printing offers that benefit. It is
possible to experience the touch and feel of the
product prototype to physically test it and find
flaws in the design. If a problem is found, you
can modify the CAD file and print out a new
version by the next day
5. Cost-effectiveness
Labor costs play a huge role in determining the
amount of money to be spent in developing a proto-
type. Traditional prototyping methodologies includ-
ing production runs and injection mold are costly as
they require a lot of human labor. Labor costs are
also very high with conventional subtractive manu-
facturing. You need experienced machine operators
and technicians to handle the production. Also, you
have to pay these laborers and use expensive ma-
chinery. With 3D printing, however, labor can be as
little as one person issuing a print command.
6. Unlimited Shapes and Geometry
Old methods of manufacturing rely on molds
and cutting technologies to generate the desired
shapes. Designing geometrically complex
shapes can be hard and expensive with this
technology. 3D printing takes on this challenge
with ease and there’s not much the technology
can’t do with the proper support material.
fifth generation networks
Fifth-generation wireless (5G) is the latest iteration
of cellular technology, engineered to greatly increase
the speed and responsiveness of wireless networks.
With 5G, data transmitted over wireless broadband
connections can travel at multigigabit speeds, with
potential peak speeds as high as 20 gigabits per sec-
ond (Gbps) by some estimates. These speeds exceed
wireline network speeds and offer latency of 1 mil-
lisecond (ms) or lower for uses that require real-time
feedback. 5G will also enable a sharp increase in the
amount of data transmitted over wireless systems
due to more available bandwidth and advanced an-
tenna technology.
5G networks and services will be deployed in
stages over the next several years to accommo-
date the increasing reliance on mobile and inter-
net-enabled devices. Overall, 5G is expected to
generate a variety of new applications, uses and
business cases as the technology is rolled out.
How does 5G work?

Wireless networks are composed of cell sites di-

vided into sectors that send data through radio
waves. Fourth-generation (4G) Long-Term Evolu-
tion (LTE) wireless technology provides the foun-
dation for 5G. Unlike 4G, which requires large,
high-power cell towers to radiate signals over
longer distances, 5G wireless signals will be
transmitted via large numbers of small cell stations
located in places like light poles or building roofs.
The use of multiple small cells is necessary because
the millimeter wave (MM wave) spectrum the band
of spectrum between 30 gigahertz and 300 GHz
that 5G relies on to generate high speeds can only
travel over short distances and is subject to interfer-
ence from weather and physical obstacles, like
buildings or trees.
Previous generations of wireless technology have
used lower-frequency bands of spectrum. To offset
the challenges relating to distance and interference
with MM waves, the wireless industry is also con-
sidering the use of a lower-frequency spectrum for
5G networks so network operators could use spec-
trum they already own to build out their new net-
works. Lower-frequency spectrum reaches greater
distances but has lower speed and capacity than
MM wave.
5G wireless features

The lower frequency wireless spectrum is made

up of low and midband frequencies. Low-band
frequencies operate at around 600 to 700 mega-
hertz (MHz), while midband frequencies oper-
ate at around 2.5 to 3.5 GHz. This is compared
to high-band MM wave signals, which operate
at approximately 24 to 39 GHz.
MM wave signals can be easily blocked by objects
such as trees, walls and buildings meaning that,
much of the time, MM waves can only cover about
a city block within direct line of sight of a cell site
or node. Different approaches have been tackled
regarding how to get around this issue. A brute
force approach involves using multiple nodes
around each block of a populated area so that a 5G
enabled device can use an air interface switching
from node to node while maintaining MM wave
speeds.
Another approach-the more feasible one for creating
a national 5G network is to use a combination of
high, medium and low band frequencies. MM wave
may be used in densely populated areas, while low
and midband nodes may be used in less dense areas.
The low-band frequencies can travel longer and
through different objects. One low-band 5G node can
stay connected to a 5G-enabled device for up to hun-
dreds of square miles. This means that an implemen-
tation of all three bands will give blanketed coverage
while providing the fastest speeds in the most highly
trafficked areas.
How fast is 5G?
5G download speeds can currently reach upwards of
1,000 megabits per second (Mbps) or even up to 2.1
Gbps. To visualize this, a user could start a YouTube
video in 1080p quality on a 5G device without it
buffering. Downloading an app or an episode of a
Netflix show, which may currently take up to a few
minutes, can be completed in just a few seconds.
Wirelessly streaming video in 4K also becomes much
more viable. If on MM wave, these examples would
currently need to be within an unobstructed city block
away from a 5G node; if not, the download speed
would drop back down to 4G.
Low band can stay locked at 5G over longer dis-
tances, and even though the overall speed of low
band 5G may be slower than MM wave, low band
should still be faster than what would be consid-
ered a good 4G connection. Low-band 5G down-
load speeds may be up to 30 to 250 Mbps. Low-
band 5G is more likely to be available for more
rural locations. Midband 5G download speeds
may reach up to 100 to 900 Mbps, and it is likely
to be used in major metro areas.
When will 5G launch?

Wireless network operators in four countries the

United States, Japan, South Korea and China are
largely driving the first 5G buildouts. Network
operators are expected to spend billions of dollars
on 5G capital expenses through 2030, according
to Technology Business Research (TBR) Inc., al-
though it is not clear how 5G services will gener-
ate a return on that investment. Evolving use
cases and business models that take advantage of
5G's benefits could address operators' revenue
concerns.
Simultaneously, standards bodies are working on
universal 5G equipment standards. The 3rd Genera-
tion Partnership Project (3GPP) approved 5G New
Radio (NR) standards in December 2017 and is ex-
pected to complete the 5G mobile core standard re-
quired for 5G cellular services. The 5G radio sys-
tem is not compatible with 4G radios, but network
operators that have purchased wireless radios re-
cently may be able to upgrade to the new 5G sys-
tem via software rather than buying new equip-
ment.
With 5G wireless equipment standards almost
complete and the first 5G compliant smartphones
and associated wireless devices commercially
available in 2019, 5G use cases will begin to
emerge between 2020 and 2025, according to
TBR projections. By 2030, 5G services will be-
come mainstream and are expected to range from
the delivery of VR content to autonomous vehicle
navigation enabled by real time communications
(RTC) capabilities.
In the United States, there are already some net-
works being developed in select cities. Currently,
Verizon is offering MM wave 5G at certain loca-
tions in select cities, including Atlanta; Boise,
Idaho; Boston; Chicago; Dallas; Detroit; Houston;
New York; Providence, R.I.; and Washington, D.C.
As time passes, Verizon will add more cities to its
5G network, such as San Diego and Kansas City,
Mo. T-Mobile's 5G network includes locations
within Atlanta, Cleveland, Dallas, Las Vegas, Los
Angeles and New York.
5G vs. 4G: Key differences

Each generation of cellular technology is sepa-

rated by not just its data transmission speed, but
also a break in encoding methods, which require
end users to upgrade their hardware. 4G can
support up to 2 Gbps and is slowly continuing to
improve in speeds. 4G featured speeds up to 500
times faster than 3G. 5G can be up to 100 times
faster than 4G.
One of the main differences between 4G and 5G is
the level of latency, of which 5G will have much
less. 5G will use orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) encoding, similar to 4G
LTE. 4G, however, will use 20 MHz channels,
bonded together at 160 MHz. 5G will be up to be-
tween 100 and 800 MHz channels, which requires
larger blocks of airwaves than 4G.
Samsung is currently researching 6G. Not too
much is currently known on how fast 6G would be
and how it would operate; however, 6G will prob-
ably operate in similar differences in magnitude as
between 4G and 5G. Some think 6G may use MM
waves on the radio spectrum and may be a decade
away.
What 5G phones are available?

A phone or another piece of hardware can't just

get a software update on a 4G phone to enable
5G. 5G requires specific hardware. To be able to
utilize 5G, a user must have a device that sup-
ports 5G, a carrier that supports 5G and be
within an area that has a 5G node within range.
Some examples of 5G enabled phones include the
following:

Samsung Galaxy S10 5GSamsung Galaxy

Note10+ 5GSamsung Galaxy A90 5GOnePlus 7
Pro 5GMoto z3Xiaomi Mi MIX 3 5GHuawei
Mate XHuawei Mate 30 Pro 5G
Quantum computing
 What is quantum computing?
Quantum computers could spur the develop-
ment of new breakthroughs in science, medica-
tions to save lives, machine learning methods to
diagnose illnesses sooner, materials to make
more efficient devices and structures, financial
strategies to live well in retirement, and algo-
rithms to quickly direct resources such as ambu-
lances.
Quantum computing fundamentals
All computing systems rely on a fundamental
ability to store and manipulate information.
Current computers manipulate individual bits,
which store information as binary 0 and 1
states. Quantum computers leverage quantum
mechanical phenomena to manipulate informa-
tion. To do this, they rely on quantum bits, or
qubits.
Enterprise-wide Access, Anytime
IBM Quantum provides cloud-based software
for your team to acess our quantum computers
anytime. No matter how big your team is, large
or small, IBM Quantum Experience platform is
ready to support your team as they explore the
potential of quantum.
Inside a quantum computer
There are a few different ways to create a qubit.
One method uses superconductivity to create
and maintain a quantum state. To work with
these superconducting qubits for extended peri-
ods of time, they must be kept very cold. Any
heat in the system can introduce error, which is
why quantum computers operate at tempera-
tures close to absolute zero, colder than the
vacuum of space.
How Do Quantum Computers Work?

Quantum computers perform calculations based

on the probability of an object's state before it is
measured - instead of just 1s or 0s - which
means they have the potential to process expo-
nentially more data compared to classical com-
puters.
Classical computers carry out logical operations us-
ing the definite position of a physical state. These
are usually binary, meaning its operations are based
on one of two positions. A single state - such as on
or off, up or down, 1 or 0 - is called a bit.
In quantum computing, operations instead use the
quantum state of an object to produce what's known
as aqubit. These states are the undefined properties
of an object before they've been detected, such as
the spin of an electron or the polarisation of a pho-
ton.
Rather than having a clear position, unmeasured
quantum states occur in a mixed 'superposition',
not unlike a coin spinning through the air before
it lands in your hand.
These superpositions can be entangled with those
of other objects, meaning their final outcomes
will be mathematically related even if we don't
know yet what they are.
The complex mathematics behind these unset-
tled states of entangled 'spinning coins' can be
plugged into special algorithms to make short
work of problems that would take a classical
computer a long time to work out... if they could
ever calculate them at all.
Such algorithms would be useful in solving
complex mathematical problems, producing
hard-to-break security codes, or predicting mul-
tiple particle interactions in chemical reactions.
Types of quantum computers

Building a functional quantum computerrequires

holding an object in a superposition state long
enough to carry out various processes on them.
Unfortunately, once a superposition meets with
materials that are part of a measured system, it
loses its in-between state in what's known as de-
coherenceand becomes a boring old classical bit.
Devices need to be able to shield quantum states
from decoherence, while still making them easy to
read.
Different processes are tackling this challenge
from different angles, whether it's to use more ro-
bust quantum processes or to find better ways to
check for errors.
Quantum computing supremacy

For the time being, classical technology can

manage any task thrown at a quantum computer.
Quantum supremacy describes the ability of a
quantum computer to outperform their classical
counterparts.
Some companies, such as IBM and Google,
claim we might be close, as they continue to
cram more qubits together and build more accu-
rate devices.
Not everybody is convinced that quantum com-
puters are worth the effort. Some mathematicians
believe there are obstacles that are practically im-
possible to overcome, putting quantum comput-
ing forever out of reach.
Angular and React
1. Brief Overview
React
React is a JavaScript library for UI development.
It is managed by Facebook and an open-source
community of developers.
The framework was introduced in May 2013.
The latest updates were released on August 8th,
2019 – just over a month ago.
Angular
Angular is an open-sourced JavaScript framework
for web and mobile development. It is TypeScript-
based and managed by Google’s Angular Team and
the Angular developer community.
Launched in September 2016, Angular (also known
as Angular 2.0) is a complete rewrite of AngularJS
(Angular 1.0), which was introduced in 2010.
There have been six versions of Angular already,
and the latest release took place on August 28th,
2019 – almost three weeks ago.
2. Universality
React
React is a framework used in both web and
mobile development. However, for mobile de-
velopment, it needs to be incorporated with
Cordova. Moreover, for mobile development,
there is an additional framework – React Na-
tive.
React can be used to build both single-page and

multiple-page web applications.

Angular
Angular is suitable for both web and mobile de-
velopment. In mobile development, however, a
great share of work is done by Ionic. Further-
more, similarly to React, Angular has an addi-
tional mobile development framework. The coun-
terpart of React Native is NativeScript.
Angular can also be used for both single- and
multiple-page web apps.
3. Self-Sufficiency
React
React is a framework for UI development, so
apps written with React need additional libraries
to be used. For instance, Redux, React Router, or
Helmet optimize the processes of state manage-
ment, routing, and interaction with the API. Such
functions as data binding, component-based rout-
ing, project generation, form validation, or de-
pendency injection require additional modules or
libraries to be installed.
Angular
Angular is a full-fledged framework for software
development, which usually does not require ad-
ditional libraries. All the above-mentioned func-
tions – data binding, component-based routing,
project generation, form validation, and depen-
dency injection – can be implemented with the
means of Angular package.
4. Learning Curve
React
React is minimalistic: no dependency injection,
no classic templates, no overly complicated fea-
tures. The framework will be quite simple to un-
derstand if you already know JavaScript well.
However, it takes quite some time to learn how
to set up a project because there is no prede-
fined project structure. You also need to learn
the Redux library, which is used in more than
half of React applications for state manage-
ment. Constant framework updates also require
additional effort from the developer. Further-
more, there are quite a lot of best practices in
React, which you will need to learn to do things
right.
Angular
Angular itself is a huge library, and learning all
the concepts associated with it will take much
more time than in the case of React. Angular is
more complex to understand, there is a lot of un-
necessary syntax, and component management is
intricate. Some complicated features are embed-
ded into the framework core, which means that
the developer cannot avoid learning and using
them. Moreover, there are a lot of ways of solv-
ing a single issue.
Although TypeScript closely resembles
JavaScript, it also takes some time to learn.
Since the framework is constantly updated, the
developer needs to put some extra learning ef-
fort.
5. Community
React
React framework is one of the most popular JS
frameworks worldwide, and the community
supporting and developing it is huge.
Working with React, you have to be a continu-
ous learner since the framework is often up-
dated. While the community tries to go forward
with the latest documentation as swiftly as pos-
sible, keeping up with all the changes is not that
easy. Sometimes, there may be a lack of docu-
mentation, but the issue is often solved by the
community support on thematic forums.
React is actively used by such companies as
Facebook, Twitter, Netflix, Airbnb, PayPal, The
New York Times, Yahoo, Walmart, Uber, and
Microsoft.
Angular
Angular is less admired than React and faces a
lot of skepticism, partially because of the un-
popularity of Angular 1.0. Developers used to
dismiss the framework as an overly complicated
one as it required a lot of time to be spent learn-
ing. However, this framework has been devel-
oped by Google, which works in favor of Angu-
lar’s credibility.
Google provides the long-term support of the
framework and constantly improves it. How-
ever, the updates are so fast that the documenta-
tion often falls behind.
Angular is used by such companies as McDon-
ald’s, AT&T, HBO, Apple, Forbes, Adobe, Nike,
and Microsoft as well.
6. Performance
React
React’s performance is greatly improved with
the introduction of the virtual DOM. Since all
virtual DOM trees are lightweight and built on
server, the load on browser is reduced. Further-
more, since the data-binding process is unidirec-
tional, bindings are not assigned watchers as in
the case of Angular. Respectively, no additional
workload is created.
Angular
Angular performs worse, especially in the case
of complex and dynamic web apps.
The performance of Angular apps is negatively
affected by bidirectional data-binding. Each
binding is assigned a watcher to track changes,
and each loop continues until all the watchers
and associated values are checked. Because of
this, the more bindings you have, the more
watchers are created, and the more cumbersome
the process becomes.
However, the most recent update of Angular has
greatly improved its performance, and it does not
lose to React anymore. Moreover, the size of an
Angular application is slightly smaller than the
size of a React app.
7. Language
React
React is based on JavaScript ES6+ combined
with JSX script. JSX is an extension for syntax,
which makes a JavaScript code resemble that
written in HTML. This makes the code easier to
understand, and typos are easier to spot. For the
JSX code to be compiled in a browser, React is
augmented with Babel – a code translation tool.
Angular
Angular can use JavaScript or TypeScript,
which is a superset of JS developed specifically
for larger projects. TypeScript is more compact
than JavaScript, the code is easier to navigate,
and typos are easily spotted. Code refactoring
process also becomes simpler and faster.
8. App Structure
React
The structure of React provides developers with
the freedom to choose. There is no “the only
right structure” for a React app. However, the
necessity to design the app structure at the be-
ginning of each project makes it more difficult
and longer to start.
Besides, React offers only View layer, while
Model and Controller are added with the usage
of other libraries.
The architecture of a React app is component-
based. The code is made of React components,
which are rendered with React DOM library and
directed in two ways: functional (with a func-
tion that returns JSX)...
function Hello(props){
return <div>Hello {props.name}</div>
}

...and class-based (with ES6 classes).

class Hello extends React.Component {

render() { return <h1>Hello,
{this.props.name}</h1>;
}
Angular
The structure of Angular is fixed and complex,
suitable for experienced developers.
Angular is based on three layers – Model, Con-
troller, and View. An object responsible for the
Model is initialized by the Controller and dis-
played with the View.
The application code consists of different Angu-
lar components, each being written in four sepa-
rate files: a TypeScript to implement the compo-
nent, an HTML file to define the view, a CSS
file to define the stylistic features, and a special
file for testing purposes. Links to these files are
written in the app directive, which displays the
structural logic of the app. Respectively, Angu-
lar components are also reusable.
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app', templateUrl: './app.com-
ponent.html', styleUrls: ['./app.componen-
t.css']
})
export class AppComponent { }
9. UI Components
React
UI tools for React are developed by the com-
munity. There are a lot of free and paid UI com-
ponents on the React portal. To use material de-
sign components in React, you would have to
install an additional library – Material-UI Li-
brary & Dependencies.
Angular
Angular has a built-in Material toolset, and it
offers a variety of pre-built material design
components. There are various buttons, layouts,
indicators, pop-ups, and form controls. Because
of this, UI configuration becomes simpler and
faster.
10. Directives
React
In React, templates and logic are explained in
one place – at the end of the component. It al-
lows the reader to quickly grasp the meaning of
the code even if they do not know the syntax.
Angular
In Angular, each template is returned with an at-
tribute – a directive of how the object has to be
set. The syntax of Angular directives is complex
and sophisticated, which makes it incomprehen-
sible for a reader without any experience in
working with this technology.
thank you