Types of Fluid Liquids (Non compressible)
Gases
(Compressible)
Fluid Transportation
Work needed to increase the mechanical energy of a fluid, which in turn can increase the flow rate (velocity), pressure or elevation of fluid
Fluid Transportation Equipment
Pumps Fans Blowers Compressors Vacuum Ejectors
What are Pumping System?
20% of worlds electrical energy demand
25-50% of energy usage in some industries Used for
Domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural services Municipal water and wastewater services
Objective of Pumping System
Transfer liquid from source to destination Circulate liquid around a system
Components of Pumping System
Main pump components
Pumps Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines, air system Piping to carry fluid Valves to control flow in system Other fittings, control, instrumentation
End-use equipment
Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines
Head
Resistance of the system
Two types: static and friction
source destination Static head
Static head
Difference in height between source and destination
Independent of flow
Static head
Flow
Static head consists of
Static suction head (hS):Vertical distance for lifting liquid relative to pump center line Static discharge head (hD) : vertical distance between centerline and liquid surface in destination tank
Static head at certain pressure
Head (in feet) = Pressure (psi) X 2.31 Specific gravity
Friction head
Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow rate, nature of liquid Proportional to square of flow rate
Closed loop system only has friction head (no static head)
Friction head
Flow
Pumping System Characteristics In most cases: Total head = Static head + friction head
System curve
System head
Static head
Friction head
System curve
System head
Friction head Static head
Flow
Flow
Types of Pumps
Classified by operating principle
Pumps
Dynamic
Others (e.g.
Impulse, Buoyancy)
Positive Displacement
Centrifugal
Special effect
Rotary
Reciprocating
Internal gear
External gear
Lobe
Slide vane
Positive Displacement Pump
Reciprocating
Piston Plunger Diaphragm
Positive Displacement Pump
Reciprocating (Piston & Plunger)
Positive Displacement Pump
Reciprocating (Axial Piston)
Positive Displacement Pump
Reciprocating (Radial Piston)
Positive Displacement Pump
Reciprocating (Diaphragm)
Positive Displacement Pump
Rotary
Gear Lobe Screw Cam Vane
Gear Pump
Gear Pump
Rotary Gear Pump
Lobe Pump
Screw Pump
Vane Pump
Centrifugal Pumps
Axial Flow Radial Flow Mixed Flow Peripheral
Liquid Flow Path inside a Centrifugal Pump
Casing
Casings are generally of two types: volute and circular. Volute casings:
Build a higher head;
Circular casings: Low head and high capacity.
Volute Casing
A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port. As the area of the cross-section increases, the volute reduces the speed of the liquid and increases the pressure of the liquid.
Circular Casing
Circular casing have stationary diffusion vanes surrounding the impeller periphery that convert velocity energy to pressure energy. Conventionally, the diffusers are applied to multistage pumps.
Casing
Casing
Impeller
The impeller is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.
Impeller-Classification
Based on major direction of flow in reference to the axis of rotation
Radial flow Axial flow Mixed flow
Impeller-Classification
Based on suction type
Single-suction: Liquid inlet on one side. Double-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from both sides.
Impeller-Classification
Based on mechanical construction
Closed: Shrouds or sidewall enclosing the vanes. Open: No shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes. Semi-open or vortex type.
Impeller Types
Pump Application
Circuit Arrangement
Once Through Arrangement
Capacity of Pump
Stuffing Boxes and packing
Specific Speed Ns
Specific speed is a measure of the geometric similarity of pumps. Specific speed (Ns) is a non-dimensional design index that identifies the geometric similarity of pumps. It is used to classify pump impellers as to their type and proportions. Pumps of the same Ns but of different size are considered to be geometrically similar, one pump being a size- factor of the other.
Specific speed Calculation
Specific Speed Ns
As per the formula, it is defined as the speed in revolutions per minute at which a geometrically similar impeller would operate if it were of such a size as to deliver one gallon per minute flow against one-foot head.
Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft
Pump output or hydraulic or water horsepower (WHP) is the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump
Pump Flow vs Head
Centrifugal Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps
Resultant Characteristics of Two Identical Centrifugal Pumps
Leakage
Stuffing Boxes and packing
A Typical Manufacturer`s Performance Curves
Cavitations
If the pressure drops below the vapour pressure of the fluid being moved, the liquid may vaporize. The bubbles that form cause a volume increase and chock the pump. Then as the pressure is increased by the pumping action, the bubbles implode, creating shock waves that can pit and erode the equipment. Serious Noise Vibration
Net Positive Suction Head NPSH
The difference between the total suction head at the suction flange and the vapour pressure of the liquid
Leakage
Power
Electric Motor Steam Turbine Gas Turbine Diesel Engine
Leakage
Stuffing Boxes and packing
Leakage
Stuffing Boxes and packing
The Affinity Laws
The mathematical expressions that define changes in pump
o Capacity, o Head o BHP
when a change is made to pump speed, impeller diameter, or both.
The Affinity Laws
Capacity, Q changes in direct proportion to o Impeller diameter D ratio, or o Speed N ratio
Q2 = Q1 x [D2/D1] Q2 = Q1 x [N2/N1]
The Affinity Laws
Head, H changes in direct proportion to the o Square of impeller diameter D ratio, or o Square of speed N ratio
H2 = H1 x [D2/D1]2 H2 = H1 x [N2/N1]2
The Affinity Laws
Brake Horse Power, BHP changes in direct proportion to the o Cube of impeller diameter D ratio, or o Cube of speed N ratio
BHP2 = BHP1 x [D2/D1]3 BHP2 = BHP1 x [N2/N1]3
The Affinity Laws
If changes are made to both impeller diameter and pump speed the equations can be combined to:
Q2 = Q1 x [(D2xN2)/(D1xN1)] H2 = H1 x [(D2xN2)/(D1xN1)]2 BHP2 = BHP1 x [(D2xN2)/(D1xN1)]3
