HydrocarbonS

Alkenes
By: Amr Khaled ,Abdullah Magdy, Eyad Mohamed,
Mahmoud ,Omar Sameh, Omar Abdullah
 Introduction
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbon compounds
characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon double
bonds. These unsaturated molecules exhibit unique
chemical reactivity and play a crucial role in various
industries and everyday life.
 Identification of Alkenes

01
Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds
Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon
02 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkenes are unsaturated
double bond, a key structural hydrocarbons, meaning they have
feature. fewer hydrogen atoms than the
corresponding alkane.

03 Molecular Formula
The general molecular formula
for alkenes is CnH2n, where n is
the number of carbon atoms.
 Molecular Structure of Alkenes

Alkenes are characterized as carbon-carbon double bonds.

This unique molecular structure gives alkenes specific physical
and chemical properties.

The double bond restricts rotation, leading to the

existence of geometric isomers. The hybridization of
the carbon atoms (sp2),influences the bond angles and
overall stability of the molecule.
 Isomerism in Alkenes
Structural Isomers Geometric Isomers
Alkenes can have different arrangements of their Alkenes with substituents on the double bond can be
carbon atoms, leading to structural isomers that cis or trans isomers, depending on the orientation of
have the same formula but different connectivity. the substituents.

Chain Isomers
Longer-chain alkenes can have different branching patterns, resulting in chain
isomers that have the same molecular formula but different carbon skeletons.
 Physical Properties of Alkenes
Unsaturated, Alkenes have unique physical properties that distinguish
them from saturated Alkanes. These properties are a result of the
presence of the double bond and have significant implications for their
behavior and applications.

Alkenes generally have lower boiling points compared to alkanes

of similar weights due to the reduced interactions between the
molecules. This makes them more volatile and suitable for
applications requiring higher volatility, such as in fuels and
solvents.
 Nomenclature of Alkenes
Substituent Naming Cis-Trans Isomers Cyclic Alkenes
The location of substituents Cyclic alkenes, are named
Any substituents on the
around the double bond
parent chain are named determines if an alkene is a cis by identifying the ring size

and their positions or trans isomer. Cis has the and locating the double
same substituents on the same
indicated by a number side, while trans has them on bond position.

before the name. opposite sides.

 Chemical Reactivity of Alkenes
01 Unsaturated Structure
Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond. This unsaturated
structure allows for a variety of chemical reactions to occur.

02 Addition Reactions
Alkenes readily undergo addition reactions where other atoms or
groups add across the double bond, forming new compounds.

03 Electrophilic Addition
Many alkene reactions proceed through an electrophilic addition
mechanism, where an electrophile attacks the pi-bond, forming a
preparation substance before the final product.
Stability of Alkenes

Substitution Effects Conjugation

Alkenes with more alkyl Conjugated alkenes are more stable
substituents are more stable. than isolated alkenes.
 Alkene Reactions

Addition Reactions Substitution Reactions Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo electrophilic Alkenes can participate in Alkenes can be converted

addition reactions to form new substitution reactions with to alkanes through
compounds. halogens and other electrophiles. hydrogenation reactions.
Addition Reactions of Alkenes

Hydrohalogenation Halogenation
Alkenes react with hydrogen Alkenes can also undergo
halides (HX) to form alkyl halogenation, where halogens
halides through an like Cl2 add across the double
electrophilic addition process. bond.
 Halogenation of Alkenes

Electrophilic Mechanism of Products of

Addition Halogenation Halogenation
The halogenation of alkenes
Reactions where the halogen The mechanism involves the
results in vicinal dihalides,
atom adds across the double formation of a cyclic intermediate,
where the two halogen atoms
bond, forming a new saturated which is then attacked by the halide
are added to adjacent carbon
compound. ion to form the final dihalogenated
atoms in the molecule.
product.
 Hydrogenation of Alkenes

Saturation
Alkenes are converted to saturated alkanes by adding hydrogen gas.

Catalyst
Hydrogenation requires a metal catalyst like nickel.

Reaction Conditions
moderate temperatures and pressures, often with stirring.

Selectivity
Can selectively hydrogenate only the alkene groups, leaving other groups
intact.
 Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes

Mechanism
a hydrogen halide (HX) is added across the alkene double bond, forming a
haloalkane.

Regiochemistry
The hydrogen atom attaches to the more substituted carbon, while the halogen
atom attaches to the less substituted carbon.

Examples
Reacting ethene with hydrogen bromide (HBr) produces
bromoethane. Isobutene reacts with HBr to form 2-bromobutane.
Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes
Protonation
1 Alkene reacts with an electrophile

Carbocation Formation
2
Intermediate carbocation is formed

Nucleophile Addition
3
Nucleophile adds to the carbocation

Rearrangement
4
Carbocation may rearrange for stability

Product Formation
5
Final addition product is formed
 Visualization of Alkene Structures
• Alkenes can be visualized in 2D and 3D models.

• Structural formulas show the carbon-carbon double bond.

• Ball-and-stick models depict the molecular geometry.

• Space-filling models illustrate the volume occupied.

Alkenes: Structures and Types
 Classification of Alkenes

Terminal Alkenes Internal Alkenes Cis-Trans Isomers

Alkenes with a double bond at Alkenes with a double bond in Alkenes with the substituents on

the end of the carbon chain. the middle of the carbon chain. the same or opposite sides of the
double bond.
Natural Alkenes

Types of Alkenes

Artificial Alkenes
 Example of natural Alkenes and artificial alkenes

Natural alkenes: Artificial alkenes:

Ethene (Ethylene) Artificial alkenes, synthesized in laboratories
Propene (Propylene) through chemical reactions, are commonly
β-Carotene used as starting materials for other chemicals
Limonene or as functional materials in their own right.
Rubber
Polythene (Polyethylene)
Polypropene (Polypropylene)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
Dienes
Propene (Propylene)
Propene, also sometimes called propylene, is a simple alkene
with the chemical formula CH₃CH=CH₂.
Structure: It has three carbon atoms (C₃)Six hydrogen atoms
(H₆)One double bond between two of the carbon atoms (C=C)
State: Colorless gas at room temperature
Odor: Faint petroleum-like odor
Highly reactive: Due to the presence of the double bond
Production: Primarily obtained from fossil fuels through
petroleum refining processes, Can also be derived from coal.
Polythene (Polyethylene)
Formula: (C2H4)n

Structure: Polythene is a long-chain polymer made up of repeating units of

.ethylene (C2H4)

State: Polythene is a solid at room temperature. It can be translucent,

.white, or black depending on its density and additives

Odor: Polythene itself has no odor. However, some additives used in its
.production may impart a slight odor

Highly Reactive: No, polythene is not highly reactive. In fact, it's known for
.its chemical inertness, which is why it's used in so many applications
 Most Artificial Alkene use

• It is used in the manufacture of polythene.

• It is used to artificially ripen fruits.

• Ethene is also used to form other useful compounds like ethylene glycol (an
antifreeze agent), oxyethylene flame, ethanol etc.
 Most natural Alkene use

they are used not only in the production of numerous food products but
also in soaps, detergents, and cosmetics. Soaps are the sodium and
potassium salts of fatty acids. Some skin-care products contain fatty acids,
which can help maintain healthy skin appearance and function.
Thanks