Haramaya University, Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Computer Programming

Chapter III

Control Structures

June 8, 2024 Programming

 Chapter Objectives
2

 Discuss what decision and control structures are and why they are important

 Use conditional statements to control program flow

 Implement various types of loops for repetitive lines of code

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 Introduction
3

 Usually, statements in a program are executed one after the

other
That is
 In which they are written or

 In order of appearance in the program

 This is called sequential execution

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 Introduction (cont’d)
4

Example
Develop an algorithm, draw the flow chart, write a pseudo code and a C++ code to
add two numbers (integers)
I. Algorithm
Begin Calculation (the Program)
1. Input a Value for the 1st Variable
2. Input a Value for the 2nd Variable
3. Add the two values
4. Output the result
End Calculation

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 Introduction (cont’d)
5
II. Flow Chart III.Pseudo Code
start

Input a Begin adder

Input a
Input b Input b
c a
Add a and b and
store in c
+b
Print c
Output c End adder
end
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 Introduction (cont’d)
6 IV. C++ code
// a program to add two numbers
#include<iostream> // preprocessor directives
using namespace std; This construct is
int main(){ Sequential Execution
(The program
int a, b, c; statements execute
cout<<"Enter the first number : "; one after another)
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter the second number : ";
cin>>b;
c = a + b;
cout<<" The Result is "<<c<<"\n";
return 0;
}
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 Introduction (Cont’d)
7

 Not many programs execute all their statements in strict order from
beginning to end.
 Most programs (like many humans) decide what to do in response to
changing circumstances.
 The flow of control jumps from one part of the program to another,
depending on decision to make in the program.
 Program statements that cause such jumps are called control
statements
 There are two major categories: loops and decisions.
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 Control Structures
8

 There are cases where we want to change sequential execution

 We have various C++ constructs (Control Structures) that enable the
programmer to change sequential execution
 These are
1. Conditional Structures (if and else)

2. Repetitive Structures or loops (while, do-while and for)

3. Divergence of Control(break, continue, exit and goto)

4. Selective structure (switch)

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 1.Conditional Structures (if and else)
9

 A selection (condition) structure is used to choose among

alternative course of action
 For example
If student scores greater than or equal to 50 print passed else print failed
 The general form of the if-else structure is
No
if(condition) semicolon
Statement1; // group of statements  If condition is true,
 statement1 is executed
else
Statement2 ;// here also we can have  If condition is false,
// group of statements  statement2 is executed

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 1.Conditional Structures (if and else)…
10

 If structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure

Score
false >= 50 true
Score true Print Print Print
>= 50 passed failed passed
false

if (score >= 50)

cout<<"Passed the exam ";
if(score >= 50) else
cout<<"Passed the exam "; cout<<"failed the exam ";
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 1.Conditional Structures (if and else)…
11
 The if + else structure can also be concatenated
if (score >= 80)
cout<<"Excellent! Your Grade is A";  Note
elseif (score >= 70)
cout<<"Your Grade is B";
 If more than one instruction
elseif (score >= 60) (statement) is to be executed under a
cout<< "Your Grade is C";
condition we group them using curly
elseif (score >= 50) Compoun
cout<< "Your Grade is D"; d brace ({ })
else Statement
s
 These statements are called
{
cout<< "Your Grade is F ";  compound statements or
cout<< "You have to repeat the
course ";  block of statements
} University, HiT, School of Electrical and Computer
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 Examples
12
//1. demonstrates if with multiline body // 2. demonstrates if...else statement
// compound statement #include <iostream>
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
using namespace std; int main()
int main() {
{ int x;
int x; cout << “\n Enter a number: “;
cout << “Enter a number: “; cin >> x;
cin >> x; if( x > 0 )
if( x > 100 ) { cout << “You entered positive ineger \n”;
cout << “The number “ << x; else
cout << “ is greater than 100 \n”; cout << “You entered 0 or negative itneger \
} n”;
return 0; return 0;
} }
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 Exercises 1
13
1. Write a program to read three integer numbers and print the largest one among these numbers
Input: three integers
Output: the largest of the three
2. Body Mass Index Calculator (BMI) calculator formulas for calculating BMI is:
BMI = WeightInKg / HeightInMeters2
 Create a BMI calculator application that reads the user’s weight and height then calculates and
displays the user’s body mass index.
 Input: Weight In Kg and Height In Meters
 Output:
• Print “Underweight” if the BMI result is less than 18.5
• Print “Normal” if the BMI result is between 18.5 and 24.9
• Print “Overweight” if the BMI result is between 25 and 29.9
• Print “Obese” if the BMI result is 30 or greater
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 Exercises 1…
14

3. A shop will give discount of 10% if the cost of purchased quantity is more than 1000
birr
 Ask user for quantity
 Suppose, one unit will cost 100 (the price)

 Calculate the total cost

 Judge and print total cost for user
 Note:
 If price > 1000 then reduce 10% of the amount
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 Exercises 1…
15

4. A student will not be allowed to sit in exam if his/her attendance is

less than 80%. Write a program that

 Take following input from user

 Number of classes held
 Number of classes attended
 And print
 percentage class attended
 whether student is allowed to sit in exam or not

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 Exercises 1…
16

5. Write a program that solves a quadratic equation in the form of

ax2 + bx + c = 0.
 The program takes a, b, and c from the user and may calculates

 R1 and R2 using the following formula

 R1 = (-b + sqrt(b2 - 4ac))/2a and

 R2 = (-b - sqrt(b2 - 4ac))/2a
 The program will prompts the user to enter values for a, b, and c and displays the

result based on the discriminant

 If the discriminant is positive, display the two roots
 If the discriminant is 0, display the one root
 Else, display “The equation has no real roots”
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops
17

 A repetitive structure allows the program to specify that an action is to be

repeated while some condition remains true
Example
 While there are more items on my shopping list purchase next item
and cross it off my list

 Describes the repetition that occurs during shopping trip

 The condition “there are more items on my shopping list” may be

true or false
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
18

I. The while structure (loop) // example

The general form of while loop is #include<iostream>

using namespace std;
while(expression) No int main()
semi {
statement; colon int n;
cout<<"Enter Starting Number: ";
cin>>n;
while(n > 0)
n-- {
cout<<n<<" , ";
n--;
}
true cout<<"Fire. \n";
n>0 Print n }

Output if n = 10
false 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Fire.
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
19

II. The do-while structure (loop)

The same functionality as the while loop except that the condition in the do- while loop
is evaluated after the execution of the statements instead of before the statement in
the while loop
The general form of do-while loop is
do
{
statement; Observe the
semicolon here!
}while(expression);
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
20

// example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
Print n int n;
cout<<"Enter Starting Number: ";
cin>>n;
n-- do
{
cout<<n<<" , ";
n--;
true }
n>0 while(n > 0);
cout<<"Fire. \n";
return 0;
false }

Output if n = 10
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Fire.
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
21 // example
#include<iostream> Enter a Number (0 to end): 123
using namespace std; You entered 123
int main() Enter a Number (0 to end): 90
{ You entered 90
unsigned int n; Enter a Number (0 to end): 12
do You entered 12
Enter a Number (0 to end): 0
{
You entered 0
cout<<"Enter a Number (0 to end): "; Loop Terminated!
cin>>n;
cout<<"you entered <<n<<" \n ";

}
while(n != 0);
cout<<"Loop Terminated!";
return 0;
}
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
22

III. The for structure (loop)

The general form of for loop is

for(initialization; condition; increment)

Statements;

se
No lon
m ic o
 It repeats the statement(s) while condition remain true

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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
23

 The for loop (how it works)

 Initialization will be executed first
 Only once

 Condition is checked

 Statement(s) is executed

 Finally increment is executed

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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
24

for loop general flowchart

Initialization

Increment

Condition true
Body of loop
?

false

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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
25

// example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

n
io

t
on

en
The fields in the for
at

iti

em
iz

nd
al

cr
loop are optional
iti

co

in
int main()
in

{ (they can be omitted)

for (int n = 10; n > 0; n--)
cout<<n<<" , ";
but the semi colon
cout<<"Fire!"; among them can not
return 0; be omitted
}

10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Fire.
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
26

// example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std; Notice the omitted
int main()
{ fields in the for loop
int i = 0;
for (;;)
but the semi colon
{ among them are not
cout<<i<<" , ";
i++;
if(i == 10)
{
cout<<"Fire!";
break;
}
}
return 0;
}

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Fire.
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 2. Repetitive Structures or Loops (cont’d)
27

 Optionally using comma operator (,) we can specify more than one instruction in
any fields
// example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
for (int n = 0, i = 20; n != i; n++, i--)
cout<<n<<" , "<<i<<" , ";
cout<<"\b";
return 0;
}
0, 20, 1, 19, 2, 18, 3, 17, 4, 16, 5, 15, 6, 14, 7, 13, 8, 12, 9, 11
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 3. Divergence of Control
28

 break

 continue

 goto and

 exit

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 The break Instruction
29

// example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
 Using break int main()
{
for (int n = 10; n > 0; n--)
{
 We can leave a loop cout<<n<<" , ";
if (n==3)
 even if the condition for it end {
is not reached yet cout<<"Countdown Aborted";
break;
}
}
return 0;
}

10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, Countdown Aborted

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 The continue Instruction
30

// example
#include<iostream>
 The continue instruction using namespace std;
int main()
{
for (int n = 10; n > 0; n--)
 Causes the program to skip {
to the rest of the loop in the
if (n==5)
present iteration continue;
cout<<n<<" , ";
}
cout<<"Fire! ";
return 0;
}

10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, Fire!
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 The goto Instruction
31

// example
 goto allows
#include<iostream>
 to make absolute jump to another location using namespace std;
(point) in the program int main()
 The destination is identified by a label, {

which is then used as an argument for int n = 10;

loop:
the instruction cout<<n<<" , ";
 A label is made of a valid C++ n--;

identifier followed by colon(:) if (n > 0)

goto loop;
cout<<"Fire. \n";
}

10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Fire!
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 The exit function
32

// example
 The purpose of exit to terminate the
#include<iostream>
running program with a specified using namespace std;
code int main()
{
for(int n = 10; n > 0; n--)
 An exit code of 0 means the program {
terminates normally and any other if (n == 5)
code means that an error has occurred exit(0);
cout<<n<<" , ";
(happened)
}
cout<<"Fire.;
}

10, 9, 8, 7, 6
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 4. Selective Structure (switch)
33

 There are situation when a program must take one of several actions
depending on the value of some variable or expression
 The switch statement provides
 a convenient alternative to the if when dealing with a multi-way branch

 Such situation arises when a program is processing

 command, events, menu choices etc …

 Its objective is to check several possible constant value for an

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 Selective Structure (switch)…
34

 The general form of switch instruction

is
switch(expression)
{
case valueA:
StatementA1; // take action A
StatementA2;
break;
case valueB: // take action B
StatementB1;
StatementB2;
break;
default :
DefaultStatement;// take default action
break;
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 Selective Structure (switch)…
35

 Where
 valueA, valueB etc are some integer or character constants
 The switch evaluates expression
 And then jumps to “case” labeled by the corresponding constant value or
 The default “case” if no match has been found
 The break statement is used to break out of the switch

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 Selective Structure (switch)…
36 Example
//a program that adds, subtracts, cin>> op;
//multiplies and divides two numbers switch(op)
#include<iostream> {
using namespace std; case ‘+’:
int main() cout<<a<<"+"<<b<<"="<<a+b; break;
{ case ‘-’:
double a, b; char op; cout<<a<<"-"<<b<<"="<<a-b; break;
cout<<" Enter the first Number "; case ‘*’:
cin>> a; cout<<a<<"*"<<b<<"="<<a*b; break;
cout<<" Enter the second Number "; case ‘/’:
cin>> b; cout<<a<<"/"<<b<<"="<<a/b; break;
cout<<" Enter the operation \n" default :
<<“ + for addition \n" cout<<"wrong operator !\nTry Again";
<<“ - for subtraction \n" }
<<“ * for multiplication \n" return 0;
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 Exercises 2
37

1. Develop a program in C++ that calculates the factorial of a given number. Use for loop to
calculate the factorial, & do – while loop to perform the operation as many times as user want
 Input: n for factorial and ch for repetition
 Output: factorial of n
2. Write a program which takes a number x from the user and displays = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + x
 Input: x
 Output: = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + x
3. e can be approximated by e1 = 1+ by the first n term using Taylor/Maclaurin series expansion.
Write a C++ program to approximate the value of e using n terms
 Input: n (number of terms)

 Output: approximate value of e

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 Exercises 2…
38

4. Raising a number n to a power p is the same as multiplying n by itself p times.

Write a program that takes n (double) and p (int) from the user, and displays the result
computed (result = np)
Input: n (real number) and p (integer)
Output: result (np)
5. Write a C++ program that prints the following patterns (Use nested loops)
Input: n (integer)
Output: for n = 5
a. 1 2 3 4 5 b. 1 c. 1 d. 1
2 4 6 8 10 1 2 2 2 2 3
3 6 9 12 15 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6
4 8 12 16 20 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 7 8 9 10
5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 12 13 14 15
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 Exercises 2…
39
6. Design an algorithm and write a program in C++ that converts dates from the Ethiopian calendar to the
Gregorian calendar.
 Your program should take input in the form of an Ethiopian date (day, month, and year) and output

the corresponding Gregorian date.

 Consider the differences between the Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars, such as
 the number of days in a year, leap years, and the starting point of the calendars
 Implement any necessary calculations or adjustments to ensure accurate conversion.
 Test your program with various Ethiopian dates to verify its correctness and robustness
 Provide explanations or comments in your code to clarify the conversion process and any
assumptions made
 Example:
 ethiopian_day = 11, ethiopian_month = 9, ethiopian_year = 2010
 The Gregorian calendar equivalent is : 19, 05, 2018

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