Data Collection,

Presentation, and Analysis

 OBJECTIVES

1.collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-

1);
2. present and interpret data in tabular and graphical forms
(CS_RS12-IId-g-2); and
3.use statistical techniques to analyze data—study of
differences and relationships limited for bivariate analysis
(CS_RS12-IId-g-3
 LESSON 1:

Data Collection Instruments

Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you
proceed in writing your data analysis and interpretation.

Data collection is a systematic process of gathering relevant

information, observations, or measurements. Whether you are
performing research for academic purposes, government or business,
data collection allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and original
insights into your research problem.
Things to consider in collecting data.

the aim of the research;

the type of data that you will collect; and
the methods and procedures you will use to
collect, store, and process the data.
Quantitative research instruments comprise
observation, questionnaires, test, and interviews. On the
other hand, data collection approaches for qualitative
research usually involve:
(a) direct interaction with individuals on a one-to-one
basis,
(b) and or direct interaction with individuals in a group
setting.
When developing and utilizing a research instrument,
the following steps are to be considered:
1. Define the aim of your research (research question).
2. Choose your data collection method.
3. Plan your data collection procedures.
4. Collect and verify your data.
5. Present your findings
A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of
questions that aims to collect information from a respondent.
A research questionnaire is typically a mix of close ended questions
and open-ended questions. Open-ended, long-form questions offer the
respondent the ability to elaborate on their thoughts.

The data collected from a data collection questionnaire can be both

qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. A questionnaire may or
may not be delivered in the form of a survey, but a survey always
consists of a questionnaire.
The terms survey and questionnaire have different meanings.
A questionnaire is an instrument used to collect data while a
survey is a process of collecting, recording, and analyzing
data. Questionnaires can be structured, semi-structured, or
unstructured.
There are three structures of questionnaires:

1.Structured questionnaires employ closed-ended questions

2. Unstructured questionnaires, on the other hand, use
open-ended
3. Semi-structured questionnaires are combinations of both
the structured and unstructured ones.
Advantages of Using Questionnaire
1. Bulk data can be gathered in less time.
2. Online survey is quick and cost-effective.
3. Less chance of bias.
4. Respondents can answer the questionnaire without
revealing their identity.
5. Easy analysis and visualization .
Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire
1. Questionnaires may not be returned on time.
2. Questionnaires may be lost.
3. Understanding and interpretation of the questions varies by
the participants.
4. Participants may not be able to complete the required
responses.
5. Emotions and feelings are hard to convey.
6. Participants’ answer may lack depth.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for
Data Collection
1. Determine the data to be collected.
2. Determine the method to be used in administering the
questionnaire such as face-to-face or online method.
3. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.
a. Personal information. This section which contains
background information of the participants. (Names are
optional)
b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators.
c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional
information that might be needed. (This applied only for
quantitative research)
4. Make sure to provide specific and clear directions
for respondents in answering the questionnaire.
5. Decide on the questionnaire structure, type of questions
and response format. Evaluate the questions and options and
make sure that they are aligned with specific research
questions or objectives.
6.Decide on using simple terms, avoid negative statements,
leading, biased, double
7. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific
ones.
8. Predetermined responses should match the nature of the questions.
a. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good,
good, poor) Later, these responses will be translated into
numerical values (e.g. five-point Likert scale)
b. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always,
frequently, sometimes, seldom, never)
c. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree ,
agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)
d. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great
extent, great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all)
9. If possible, set an appointment before distributing the
questionnaires.
10. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for
agency connected respondents.
11 Contact participants who did not to return the
questionnaire.
12. Tally and encode the data immediately once you have
collected them. Keep a soft copy of your data
Tests are used for measuring various skills and types of
behavior, personality, achievement, performance, as well as for
describing some characteristics.
It is also used to develop to measure specific knowledge, skill,
or cognitive activity.
There are two types of tests used in quantitative research:
standardized test and non-standardized tes
Standardized test is a test that is given to a group of people
such as students or professionals in a very consistent manner;
meaning that the questions on the test are all the same, the time
given to each test-taker is the same, and the way in which the
test is scored is the same for all. It is considered as more
reliable and valid. Examples are Licensure Exam,
Achievement test, College/University Entrance Exam,
Personality Tests, IQ test and the likes.
Non-standardized test is a test that allows for an assessment
of an individual's abilities or performances but doesn't allow
for a fair comparison of one individual to another. This test is
very simple to use and may not be scored uniformly. It is
administered to a certain set of people.
Types of Test Questions
1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to recall
information from memory (e.g., fillin-the blank test,
identification test, enumeration test, etc.)
2. Recognition Questions. It allows participants to select
from given choices the best or correct choice (e.g.,
multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)
3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the participants more
freedom in their responses, expressing their thoughts and
insights (e.g., essay writing tests and other performance-
based tests..
1. RECALL TESTS
A. Identification- the participants will provide an answer to the
question using simple memory recall.
Example: What do you call an angle whose measurement is 90
degrees?
B. Enumeration- the participants will list down the answers or steps
Example: List down the steps in solving a problem.
C. Cloze Test – the participants will supply an answer to the blank
spaces.
Example: The graph of a quadratic function is a ______.
Quantitative interviews are sometimes referred to as survey
interviews (structured type) because they resemble survey-style
question-and-answer formats where in a large sample sized is used. It
may be recorded, but because questions tend to be closed ended,
taking notes during the interview is less disruptive than it can be
during a qualitative interview.
Qualitative interviews are sometimes called intensive or in-depth
interviews. These interviews are informal, unstructured, semi-
structured or focus group discussions (FGD). The researcher has a
particular topic about which he or she would like to hear from the
respondent, but questions are open ended and may not be asked in the
same way or in exactly the same order to each and every respondent.
In in-depth interviews, the primary aim is to hear from respondents
about what they think is important about the topic at hand and to hear
it in their own words. So, no rating scale or rubric is needed.
Responses are non-numerical.
The questionnaire and quantitative interview are both highly
structured, but here’s a difference between the two:

In quantitative interviews, (1) the items are read to the participants;

(2) participants and researchers may ask questions; (3) helpful to blind
or uneducated participants while in questionnaires, (1) the
participants read the questions and answer on their own; (2) the
participants and researchers may not ask further questions; (3) not
useful to blind or uneducated participants.
Observation is way of gathering data which involves systematically
selecting, watching, listening, reading, touching, and recording
behavior and characteristics of living beings, objects, or phenomena.

Observations can be controlled, natural, or participant. It can be used

in quantitative research when the observable characteristics are
quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width, height, weight, volume, area,
temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed
Observation has greater flexibility in the observation method.
However, observation may lack participant validity and may be prone
to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon (when subjects of an
experimental study attempt to change or improve their behavior
simply because it is being evaluated or studied). Furthermore, it is
more exhausting and time-consuming especially when observations
need to be conducted for many years.
Forms of Observation
Controlled observation is a form of observation where researchers watch
participants in a contained environment, such as a classroom or a laboratory.

 In a controlled study, the researcher pre-determines and controls the study

variables and determines the location, the time, the participants, and the tools
used to complete the study.

 It is usually used in experimental research and is done under a standard

procedure.

 It provides more reliable data (obtained through structured and well-defined

process). Lastly, the observer performs a non-participant role (i.e. does not
interact with the participants).
Natural Observation is a form of observation that involves observing
subjects in their natural environment. It can be used if conducting lab
research would be unrealistic, cost-prohibitive, or would improperly
affect the subject's behavior. It is carried out in a non-controlled
setting. It has greater ecological validity (i.e. flexibility of the findings
to be generalized to real-life contexts Its major limitation is its
strength to establish a causal relationship due to the presence of
extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the participants
Participant Observation is a form of observation wherein the
researcher becomes a complete observer or a participant in the study
through the experience of spending time with a group of people and
closely observing their actions, speech patterns, and norms, which in turn
the researcher can gain an understanding. It allows the observer to
become a member of the group or community that the participants
belong to. It can be performed covertly (i.e., participants are not aware of
the purpose behind the observation. It can be done also overtly, wherein
participants know the intention or objectives of the observation
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)

2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with

3. Data Collection Procedure

4. Possible discomfort or risk factors

5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses

6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)

7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the conditions

that they will be subject to the study)
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)

2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with

3. Data Collection Procedure

4. Possible discomfort or risk factors

5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses

6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)

7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the conditions

that they will be subject to the study)
 LESSON 2

Data Presentation and Interpretation

 LESSON 3

Using Statistical Techniques 3 to

Analyze Data
Activity 1: What’s My Level?