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Lesson 4 Testing of Hypothesis 1

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12 views

Lesson 4 Testing of Hypothesis 1

Uploaded by

beateposo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Null and
Alternative
Hypothesis
What are the possible results of the
following scenario?
1. Cutting trees in road.
2. Eli did not study for the test at all.
3. Eating too much fast food without any
physical activity.
4. Edward courted his crush.
Definition of
 Hypothesis testing is a process in
making decisions in evaluating a
claim about the population based
on the characteristics of a sample
from the same population.
 In statistics, a hypothesis is an
assumption or conjecture about a
population parameter which may or may
not be true.
 In the scientific method, the hypothesis is
a tentative explanation constructed before
any applicable research has been done.
Hypothesis 1: There is NO significant
difference between the mean performances of
Grade 11 students in the third and fourth
quarter exam.

Hypothesis 2: There is a significant difference


between the mean performances of Grade 11
students in the third and fourth quarter exam.
Two Types of
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H ) Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
0
✓ A statement denoted by Ha is a
A statement denoted by H0, that
states that there is no difference, no statement that states that there is a
difference, an effect, change,
changes, nothing happened, no
relationship between a parameter
relationship between a parameter
and a specific value.
and a specific value.
✓ It directly contradicts a null
It makes a statement about the
hypothesis by stating that that the
population not the sample. The true
actual value of a population
value of the population parameter is
parameter is less than, greater
specified in writing the null
than, or not equal to the value
hypothesis.
stated in the null hypothesis.
𝐻 0: 𝜇 1 = 𝜇 2 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝐻 0: 𝜇 1 ≥ 𝜇 2 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
𝐻 0: 𝜇 1 ≤ 𝜇 2 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
(H0) (Ha)

Symbols = (equal) ≠ (unequal)


≥ (greater than or equal/ at least) > (greater than)
≤ (less than or equal/ at most) < (less than)
Example 1
The significant difference between the mean
Problem: performances of Grade 11 students in the 3rd and
4th quarter exam.

Null H0 = There is no significant difference between the


Hypothesis: mean performances of Grade 11 students in the 3rd
and 4th quarter exam.
In symbol, 𝐻0: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2

Alternative Ha = There is a significant difference between the


Hypothesis: mean performances of Grade 11 students in the 3rd
and 4th quarter exam.
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
Example 2
A car manufacturer advertises that its new
Problem: subcompact models get 47 miles per gallon(mpg).

Null 𝐻0 = The mileage of the car is equal to 47 miles


Hypothesis: per gallon(mpg).
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 47𝑚𝑝𝑔

Alternative 𝐻𝑎 = The mileage of the car is less than 47


Hypothesis: miles per gallon(mpg).
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 47𝑚𝑝𝑔
Example 3
An airline company claims that the percentage of their
Problem: flights prone to delays weekly due to air traffic and other
technical issues does not exceed 28 percent of their total
flights.

Null 𝐻0 = The percentage of flights prone to delay is


Hypothesis: not exceed to 28 percent.
In symbol, 𝐻 : 𝜇 ≤ 28%
0

Alternative 𝐻𝑎 = The percentage of flights prone to delay is


Hypothesis: greater than 28 percent.
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 28%
Example 4
A manufacturer of car tires wants to test whether
Problem: their machine still produces car tires with a mean
diameter of 16 inches.

Null 𝐻0 = The mean diameter of car tires is equal to


Hypothesis: 16 inches.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 16𝑖𝑛.

Alternative 𝐻𝑎 = The mean diameter of car tires is not equal


Hypothesis: to 16 inches.
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 16𝑖𝑛.
Example 5
A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of
Problem: rechargeable battery.
The said additive will extend on average the battery’s
lifespan of at least 48 months.
Null 𝐻0 = The average lifespan extension of
Hypothesis: rechargeable battery is 48 months.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 48𝑚𝑜𝑠.

Alternative 𝐻𝑎 = The average lifespan extension of


Hypothesis: rechargeable battery is not 48 months.
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 48𝑚𝑜s.
Formulate Null and Alternative Hypothesis
based on each problem/scenario.
Problem: 1. The unexpected weather makes the
water level in Angat dam to 12m.

Null
Hypothesis: In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 12m
Alternative
Hypothesis:
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 12m
Formulate Null and Alternative Hypothesis
based on each problem/scenario.
Problem: 2. The passing rate is at least 75% of the
accumulated grades.

Null
Hypothesis: In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 75%
Alternative
Hypothesis:
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 75%
Formulate Null and Alternative Hypothesis
based on each problem/scenario.
3. A candidate in local election claims that 30% of
Problem: registered voters voted in a recent election.
Information provided by the returning office suggests
that the percentage is higher than the 30% claimed.
Null
Hypothesis: In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 30%
Alternative
Hypothesis:
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 30%
Formulate Null and Alternative Hypothesis
based on each problem/scenario.
Problem: 4. We want to test if college students take
less than five years to graduate from
college, on the average.
Null
Hypothesis: In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 5years
Alternative
Hypothesis:
In symbol, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 5years

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