CHAPTER II

RELATED
LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
RELATED LITERATURE

Is composed of discussions of facts

and principles to which the present study
is related. For instance, if the present
study deals with drug addiction, literature
to be reviewed or surveyed should be
composed of materials that deal with
drug addiction.
RELATED LITERATURE

These materials are usually printed

and found in books, encyclopedias,
professional journals, magazines,
newspapers, and other publications.
RELATED LITERATURE
RELATED LITERATURE

These materials are classified as

1. Local, if printed in the Philippines;
and
2. Foreign, if printed in other lands.
 RELATED STUDIES

Studies, inquiries, or investigations

already conducted to which the present
proposed study is relate or has some
bearing or similarity. They are usually
unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, theses, and dissertations.
RELATED STUDIES
 RELATED STUDIES

They may be classified as:

1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted
in the Philippines; and
2. Foreign, if conducted in foreign
lands
Importance, Purposes,
and Functions of
Related Literature
and Studies
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

A survey or review of related

literature and studies is very important
because such reviewed literature and
studies serve as a foundation of the
proposed study. This is because related
literature and studies guide the
researcher in pursuing his research
venture.
 Reviewed literature and studies help
or guide the researcher in the following
ways:
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

1. They help or guide the researcher in

searching for or selecting a better
research problem or topic. By reviewing
related materials, a replication of a similar
problem may be found better than the
problem already chosen. Replication is
the study of research problem already
conducted but in another place.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

2. They help the investigator

understand his topic for research better.
Reviewing related literature and studies
may clarify vague points about his
problem.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

3. They ensure that there will be no

duplication of other studies. There is
duplication if an investigation already
made is conducted again in the same
locale using practically the same
respondents. This is avoided if a survey of
related literature and studies be made
first.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

4. They help and guide the researcher

in locating more sources of related
information. This is because the
bibliography of a study already conducted
indicate references about similar studies.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

5. They help and guide the researcher in

making his research design especially in:
a. the formulation of specific questions
to be researched on;
b. the formulation of assumptions and
hypotheses if there should be any;
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

c. the formulation of conceptual

framework;
Conceptual Framework
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

d. the selection and application of the

methods of research;
e. the selection and application of
sampling techniques;
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

f. the selection and/or preparation and

validation of research instruments for
gathering data;

g. the selection and application of

statistical procedures;
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

h. The analysis, organization,

presentation, and interpretation of data;
i. The making of the summary of
implications for the whole study;
j. The formulation of the summary of
findings, conclusions, and
recommendation; and
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

6. They help and guide the researcher

in making comparison between his
findings of other researchers on similar
studies with the end in view of
formulating generalization or principles
which are the contributions of the study
to fund of knowledge.
Characteristics of
Related Literature
and Studies
 There are certain characteristics of
related materials that make them of true
value. Among these characteristics are:
 Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

1. The surveyed materials must be as

recent as possible. This is important
because of the rapid social, economic,
scientific, and technological change.
Findings several years ago may be of little
value today because of the fast changing
life style of the people.
 There are exception, however.
Treatises that deal on universals or things
of more or less permanent nature may be
still be good today. There are
mathematical laws and formulas and
statistical procedures that had been
formulated a long, long time ago which
are being use today with very, very little
improvement. This is also true with
natural and physical laws. Books on
these, though written a long time ago,
are still being cited today.
 Another exception is when a
comparison or contrast is to be made
between the conditions of today and
those of a remote past, say ten or twenty
years ago. Naturally, literature and
studies about that remote past have to be
surveyed and reviewed.
 Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

2. Materials reviewed must be

objective and unbiased. Some materials
are extremely or subtly one sided, either
political, or religious, etc. Comparison
with these materials cannot be made
logically and validity. Distorted
generalizations may result.
 Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

3. Materials surveyed must be

relevant to the study. Only materials that
have some bearing or similarity to the
research problem at hand should be
reviewed.
 Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies
4. Surveyed materials must have been
based upon genuinely original and true
facts or data to make them valid and
reliable. There are cases where fictitious
data are supplied just to complete a
research report (thesis or dissertation).
Of course, this kind of deception is hard
to detect and to prove. Thus, this is a real
problem to honest researchers.
 Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

5. Reviewed materials must not be

few or too many. They must only be
sufficient enough to give insight into the
research problem or to indicate the
nature of the present investigation. The
may also depend upon the availability of
related materials.
 Sometimes there is a paucity of such
materials. Ordinarily, form ten to fifteen
related materials re needed for a master`s
thesis and from fifteen to twenty-five for
a doctoral dissertation depending their
availability, as well as their depth and
length of discussions.
 For an undergraduate thesis, from
five to ten may do. The numbers,
however, are only suggestive and not
imperative nor mandatory. These are only
the average numbers observed from
theses and dissertation surveyed by this
author.
 Sources of
Related Literature
and Studies
 The sources of related literature and
studies may include the following:
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

1. Book, encyclopedias, almanacs, and

other similar references.

2. Articles published in professional

journals, magazines, periodicals,
newspapers, and other publications.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs,

speeches, letters, and diaries.
4. Unpublished theses and
dissertations.
5. The Constitution, and laws and
statues of the land.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders

emanating from government offices and
departments, especially from the Office
of the President of the Philippines and the
Department of Education, Culture and
Sports.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

7. Records from schools, public and

private, especially reports of their
activities.
8. Reports from seminars educational
or otherwise.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

9. Official reports of all kinds,

educational, social, economic, scientific,
technological, political, etc. from the
government and other entities.
 Where to Locate
the Sources of
Related Literature
and Studies
 Where to Locate the Sources of
Related Literature and Studies

Generally, the sources of related

literature and studies are located in the
following places:
 Where to Locate the Sources of
Related Literature and Studies

1. Libraries, either government, school,

or private libraries.
2. Government and private offices.
More way to go, god bless to us!